Chapter 5 - First Two Years Biosocial Flashcards
1
Q
Multilevel framework means we can…
A
look at many levels
2
Q
Two main division of the NS
A
1) Central NS: consist of the brain and spinal
cord
2) Peripheral NS: all parts of the NS that are
outside the body skill and spinal column
3
Q
Central NS
A
consist of the brain and spinal
4
Q
Peripheral NS
A
all parts of the NS that are outside the body skill and spinal column (somatic NS and autonomic NS)
5
Q
What are the peripheral NS’s 2 components?
A
1) Somatic Nervous System: Part of the NS that interacts with the environment
• Afferent: Carry sensory signals from body to CNS
• Efferent: Carry motor signals from CNS to body
2) The Autonomic NS: influences the function of internal organs
6
Q
Somatic Nervous System
A
Part of the NS that interacts with the environment
7
Q
Afferent (Somatic Nervous System)
A
Carry sensory signals from body to CNS
8
Q
Efferent (Somatic Nervous System)
A
Carry motor signals from CNS to body
9
Q
The Autonomic NS
A
influences the function of internal organs
10
Q
Cerebral Hemispheres
A
The right and left halves of the brain
11
Q
Gyrus
A
A ridged or raised portion of the cerebral cortex
12
Q
Sulcus
A
A furrow (narrow groove) of the cerebral cortex
13
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres which consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches
14
Q
White Matter
A
A component of the central nervous system and under the cortex, consists mostly of myelinated axons
15
Q
Gray Matter
A
Areas of brain that are mostly cell bodies and have no myelin
16
Q
What lobe is most susceptible to damage?
A
Frontal lobe
17
Q
Cerebellum
A
A part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates that is responsible for moving and timing
18
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Located below the thalamus and above the brian stem, responsible for motivation i.e. sex eating sleeping drugs
19
Q
Corpus callosum
A
Bundle of neural fibres below cortex, main system that allows hemispheres to communicate
20
Q
Corpus Callosotomy
A
a surgical procedure to control generalized seizures by cutting the corpus callosum
21
Q
Why are teens so bad at making good decisions and think bad stuff is cool?
A
Their frontal lobe develops last, so their self regulation, problem solving, goal setting and social cognition are not quite developed yet
22
Q
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
A
self regulation, problem solving, goal setting and social cognition
23
Q
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
A
sensory motor perception and spatial abilities
24
Q
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
A
vision and perception
25
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
hearing, language, memory and social emotional function
26
What grows the fastest? Brain weight, height or weight?
Brain weight
27
Brain growth chart
```
20 weeks gestation - 100 grams
Birth - 400 grams
18 month - 800 grams
3 years - 1100 grams
Adult - 1300-1400 grams
```
28
The brain can add up to ___ to ___ new neurons per minute
250,000 – 500,000
29
Neuron
A nerve cell of the central nervous system. Most neurons are in the brain
30
How many neuron connections does an infant have by age 3?
~1000 trillion connections
31
Dendrites
the branched projections of a neuron that are the input zone for receiving information from other neurons
32
Dendritic Spines
outgrowth from a dendrite that increases the dendrites surface area and is the usual point of contact
33
Soma
cell body, contains cell nucleus. May receive synaptic connections
34
Axon
a single extension leads away from the soma and transmits electrical signals away from the cell body
35
Axon Terminals
swelling at the end of axons (looks like a club) by which axons make synaptic contacts
36
What do neurons do?
Neurons collect signals from several sources, integrate and transform information, and distributes information to other cells
37
Four Structural Divisions of the nervous system?
Input Zone
Integration Zone
Conducting Zone
Output Zone
38
Input Zone
The part of a neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. Usually corresponds to the cell’s dendrites
39
Integration Zone
The part of the neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity. Usually corresponds to axon hillock (there isn't only just one neuron that fires or doesn't, it's all integrated)
40
Conducting Zone
The part of the neuron over which the nerve’s electrical signal may be actively propagated. Usually corresponds to cell’s axon
41
Output Zone
The part of the neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell sends information to another cell
42
Types of neuron shapes?
Bipolar
Multipolar
Unipolar
43
3 Types of Neurons in the CNS
Sensory: to bring information to the brain (somatosensory)
Interneurons: to associate sensory and motor activity
Motor: to carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to the body’s muscles
44
How Does the Developing Brain Become Aware, Learn, Think,?
-Overproduction of neurons and neuronal connections
-Selective reduction of neurons and connections
-Periods of intense branching and connecting followed by reduction in neurons

45
Synaptic Pruning
process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty
46
Why is synaptic pruning useful?
Because it narrows your axons to your specific environment, there is no clutter.
47
Anatomical studies of brain development show
- White mater increases from child- to adulthood
| - Grey mater increases over the first 8 years of life then decreases and thins with development
48
Are there regional differences in white matte development?
No
49
Regional differences in grey mater:
– Primary sensory/motor areas develop first
– Frontal and superior temporal develop last
* Frontal lobes continue until adolescence
50
Genes form neurons, connections among major brain regions and then the environment...
refines the connections; enhancing some connections while eliminating others
51
Brain development is ___ dependent
activity/experience
52
Neural circuits used over and over strengthen, those that are not used are dropped resulting in?
Synaptic pruning
53
Transient Exuberance
The great increase in the number of neurons, dendrites, and synapses that occurs in an infant’s brain over the first two years of life
54
Two types of experience-related aspects of brain development:
1) Experience-Expectant:Refers to brain function that require basic common experiences (which infant is expected to have) in order to grow. These experiences MUST happen for normal brain maturation to occur and they almost always happen. The brain expects them and uses them for growth. i.e. blindfolding someone so their vision doesn't develop
2) Experience-Dependent: Refers to brain functions that depend on particular, and variable, experiences in order to grow. These MIGHT happen. If they do happen, one brain will differ from another. i.e. extreme neglect resulting in language, it can still be learned later but not really that much
55
Experience dependent synapse formation happens in what order?
```
Sensory pathways (vision/hearing)
Language
Higher cognitive function
```
56
What happened with the child without reading difficulties and the child with?
Language area was lit up for normal reader while child with reading difficulties had other parts of the brain lighting up. After specialized reading instruction, the child with reading difficulties was more similar to the child with no reading difficulties
57
Infants don’t ___ on anything in particular
focus
58
Till about age one ___ is the primary way humans learn about objects
taste
59
Sensation
The response of a sensory system when it detects a stimulus
60
Perception
The mental processing of sensory information
61
Hearing
* Hearing is acute at birth
* Certain sounds trigger reflexes
* Sudden noises startle newborns
* Rhythmic sounds sooth them and put them to sleep
* The first days of life infants turn their heads towards sound
* They soon connect sight and sound with accuracy
62
Seeing
• At birth vision is the least mature
• The infant eyes are sensitive to bright light even though
the eyes open in mid-pregnancy
• Newborns are “legally blind” they can only see objects
4” – 30” away (distance from nipple to eyes)
63
Over time infants become responsive to whose touch it is and what it communicates
true
64
Early sensation seems to have two goals:
• Social interaction
– To respond to familiar caregivers
• Comfort
– To be soothed amid the disturbances of infant life (crapped pants, hungry, want to turn but cant)
65
Reflex
A reflex is an involuntary response to a particular stimulus. Almost always occurs in reaction to a particular stimulus. Newborns have many reflexes, some of which disappear with maturation
66
Infants have dozens of reflexes, what 3 sets are critical for survival?
» that maintain oxygen supply
» that maintain constant body temperature
» that manage feeding
67
Motor Skill
the learned ability to move some part of the body, from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid (motor refers to movement of muscles; the abilities needed to move and control the body)
68
Gross Motor Skills
physical abilities involving large body movements (gross meaning “big”) i.e. walking or jumping
69
Walking progress
* from reflexive,
* to hesitant
* to adult-supported stepping
* to a smooth coordinated gait (pattern of movement of the limbs)
70
What are the three factors combine to allow toddlers to walk?
– muscle strength
– brain maturation within the motor cortex
– practices
71
Fine Motor Skills
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers (fine in this text means “small”) i.e. drawing or picking up a coin
72
Ethnic Variation
* healthy infants develop skills in the same sequence
| * they vary in the age at which they acquire them
73
Walking, when grouped by ethnicity:
* Generally African American are ahead of Hispanic Americans
* Hispanic American are ahead of European American
* Internationally the earliest walkers are in Uganda
* The latest walkers are in France
74
Genes are a ___ part of most ethnic differences
small
75
Cultural patterns of child rearing can affect...
sensation, perception, and motor skills
76
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
1-3 months
- wiggle arms and legs; try to lift head while on stomach
- propel backwards while on stomach
- Grasp reflex
- Prefer patterns, curved lines, human faces – especially mom’s right after birth
77
Favorite color of toddlers?
red, black and white
78
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
3-4 Months
- Coordinate limb movement
| - Precise grasping (palmer) (grasping feet and toys etc.)
79
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
6 Months
- Move in a particular direction
- Sit without support
- Visual depth perception of infants is similar to adults
- Visual Cliff Experiment (Gibson and Walk, 1960)
–> Increase heart rate at 2-3 months
80
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
7 Months
- Stand with support
| - Hand preference first appears
81
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
8-10 Months
- Crawling
- Pincer Grasp (grasp using thumb and forefinger)
- Distinguish faces of different humans
82
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
11 Months
- Standing alone
| - Pincer grasp (grasp using thumb and forefinger) perfected, can pick up small objects like marbles
83
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
12 Months
- Walking alone
84
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
14 Months
- Able to lift and stack large items (e.g. building two cube tower)
- Binocularvisionfullydeveloped
85
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
16 Months
- Walking up the steps (one foot at a time)
| - Drawing
86
Milestones of Physical Development Gross and Fine Body Movement
24 Months
- Jumping in place
| - Hold a cup and drink without spilling
87
_ billion children were born between 1950 – 2005
| _ billion died before age 5
8, 2.
88
Baby deaths could be twice this if not for:
– Child care
– Preventive care – immunization – Clean water
– Adequate nutrition
– Medial treatment, etc.
89
Immunization
A process that stimulates the body’s immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease (immunization acquired either naturally, by having the disease or though vaccination)
90
immunization successes
– Smallpox
– Polio
– Measles
91
problem with immunization
parents are concern about side effects of vaccinations
92
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
* die unexpectedly in their sleep
* No apparent cause of death
* 1990 in the U.S., 5000 babies died of SIDS, 1 in 800
93
What connection is there between breast feeding and sleep?
Breast fed babies don't get as deep of a sleep
94
What affects sids? How?
Culture, co sleeping and such
95
Colostrum
a thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the woman’s breast at the birth of a child - antibodies.
96
About _ days later the breast begins to produce milk
3
97
Breast fed babies are __ likely to get sick
less
98
protein-calorie malnutrition
a condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind
99
What can protein-calorie malnutrition result in?
everal illnesses, severe weight loss, and sometimes death
100
Head-Sparing
brain continues to develop even though body stops because of malnutrition
101
to measure a child’s nutritional status, we...
compare weight and height with the
| "norms"
102
Percentile
point on a ranking scale 1-99
103
Under-nutrition contributes to nearly half of all deaths in children under 5 and is widespread in ___ and ___
Asia and Africa
104
Malnutrition Infants suffer in 3 main ways:
1) Brain does not have enough nutrition to normally develop
2) They have no body reserves to protect them against disease. Child disease therefore will be much more lethal
3) Two serious conditions may result:
a) Marasmus
b) Kwashiorkor
105
Marasmus
severe protein malnutrition, which growth stops,
| tissues waste, eventual death
106
Kwashiorkor
protein deficiency results in face, legs and abdominal bloating – child more vulnerable to disease
107
Beginning early in the first year, sensitive parenting is associated with:
improved child socio-emotional development, mental health, and language
108
Neglect and Brain Development
• Limited exposure to language, touch or social interactions
• Emotional or cognitive neglect
• Early life stress
• Structural Changes
–> Lack of brain growth beyond effects of poor nutrition
–> Neuronal death beyond pruning
–> Decreased dentritic arborization, number of spines and reduced synapses, reduced white mater.
109
How would a neuron damaged by toxic stress look like? Where does this take place?
It has fewer connections
| Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
110
Smell and taste at present at ___ and right away begin ____ to the world.
Birth, adapting
111
Hearing develops in the _____ trimester of pregnancy
last
112
Do babies have mature or immature vision at birth?
Immature, legally blind
113
When does a baby get binocular vision?
2-4 months
114
Myelin
Myelin is a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an insulating layer, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted.
115
Concepts and categories develop in infant's brains by _ months or earlier.
6
