Chapter 5: Human Movement Science Flashcards
1
Q
biomechanics
A
the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
2
Q
superior (or cranial)
A
positioned above a point of reference
3
Q
inferior (or caudal)
A
positioned below a point of reference
4
Q
proximal
A
positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
5
Q
distal
A
positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference
6
Q
anterior (or ventral)
A
on the front of the body
7
Q
posterior (or dorsal)
A
on the back of the body
8
Q
medial
A
positioned near the middle of the body
9
Q
lateral
A
positioned toward the outside of the body
10
Q
contralateral
A
positioned on the opposite side of the body
11
Q
ipsilateral
A
positioned on the same side of the body
12
Q
anatomic position
A
the position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. the anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
13
Q
sagittal plane
A
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
14
Q
flexion
A
a bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
15
Q
extension
A
a straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
16
Q
hyperextension
A
extension of a joint beyond its normal limit or range of motion
17
Q
frontal plane
A
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
18
Q
abduction
A
- a movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
- an increase in the angle between two adjoining segments
19
Q
adduction
A
- movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
- a decrease in the angle between two adjoining segments
20
Q
transverse plane
A
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
21
Q
internal rotation
A
rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
22
Q
external rotation
A
rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
23
Q
horizontal abduction
A
movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
24
Q
horizontal adduction
A
movement of the arm of tight in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
25
scapular retraction
adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline
26
scapular protraction
abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
27
scapular depression
downward (inferior) motion of the scapula
28
scapular elevation
upward (superior) motion of the scapula
29
eccentric muscle action
-an eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
30
concentric muscle action
when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle and visible joint movement
31
isometric muscle action
when a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being place on it leading to no visible change in muscle length
32
isokinetic muscle action
when a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
33
force
an influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
34
length-tension relationship
the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
35
force-couple
muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
36
rotary motion
movement of the bones around the joints
37
torque
a force that produces rotation. common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
38
motor behavior
motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli
39
motor control
- how the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
- the study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the CNS to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
- concerned with what CNS structures are involved with motor behavior to produce movement
40
motor learning
- integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
- the utilization of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in one's capacity to produce skilled movements
41
motor development
the change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
42
muscle synergies
groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
43
proprioception
the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements
44
sensorimotor integration
the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
45
feedback
- the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
- the utilization of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to aid the HMS in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns
46
internal feedback
-the process whereby sensory information is used by the body via length-tension relationships (posture) to reactively monitor movement and the environment (aka sensory feedback)
47
external feedback
information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment
48
human movement efficiency cycle
> internal environment > external environment > summation of all information > central nervous system > movement >
49
the femur is ___ to the tibia
superior
50
the pectoralis major is ___ to the rectus abdominis
superior
51
the calcaneus is ___ to the patella
inferior
52
the soleus is ___ to the hamstring complex
inferior
53
which is more proximal to the hip: the knee or the ankle?
the knee
54
which is more proximal to the lumbar spine: the sacrum or the sternum?
the sacrum
55
which is more distal to the hip: the ankle or the knee?
the ankle
56
which is more distal to the lumbar spine: the sacrum or the sternum?
the sternum
57
the quadriceps are located on the ___ aspect of the thigh
anterior
58
the hamstring complex is located on the ___ aspect of the thigh
posterior
59
the adductors are on the ___ side of the thigh
medial
60
which is more medial: the sternum or the shoulder?
the sternum
61
the ears are on the ___ side of the head
lateral
62
the right foot is ___ to the left hand
contralateral
63
the right foot is ___ to the right hand
ipsilateral
64
true or false: no motion occurs strictly in one plane of motion
TRUE
65
joint motion
movement in a plane occurs on an axis running perpendicular that plane
66
sagittal plane axis
coronal
67
sagittal plane motions
- flexion / extension
68
sagittal plane exercise examples
- biceps curl
- triceps pushdown
- squat
- front lunge
- calf raise
- walking
- running
- vertical jumping
- climbing
- shooting a basketball
69
frontal plane axis
anterior-posterior
70
frontal plane motions
- adduction / abduction in the limbs
- lateral flexion of the spine
- eversion / inversion at the foot and ankle complex
71
frontal plane exercise examples
- side lateral raise
- side lunge
- side lunge
- side shuffling
72
transverse plane axis
longitudinal
73
transverse plane motions
- internal / external rotation for the limbs
- left / right rotation for head and trunk
- horizontal adduction / abduction of the limbs
- radioulnar (forearm) pronation and supination
74
transverse plane exercise examples
- trunk rotation
- dumbbell chest fly
- throwing a ball or frisbee
- golfing
- swinging a bat
75
dorsiflexion
flexion at the ankle
76
plantar flexion
extension at the ankle
77
hip flexion
- occurs when an individual decreases the angle between the femur (thigh bone) and the pelvis or lumbar spine
- ex) elevate knee towards abdomen
- ex) bend forward from the trunk
78
lateral flexion
the bending of the spine from side to side or simply side-bending
79
retraction is the same as ___
adduction
80
protraction is the same as ___
abduction
81
3 primary types of muscle actions
1. isotonic (Eccentric and concentric)
2. isometric
3. isokinetic
82
2 components of an isotonic movement
1. eccentric phase
| 2. concentric phase
83
isotonic performance
force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion
84
eccentric performance
moving in the same direction as the resistance, decelerates or reduces force
85
concentric performance
moving in opposite direction of force, accelerates or produces force
86
isometric performance
no visible movement with or against resistance, dynamically stabilizes force
87
isokinetic performance
- the speed of the movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted
- requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories
88
why does the muscle lengthen in an eccentric muscle action?
because the contractile force is less than the resistive force
89
what happens to the actin and myosin cross-bridges as the muscle lengthens?
they are pulled apart and reattach
90
eccentric motion examples
- landing from a a jump
| - lowering a weight during a resistance exercise
91
eccentric muscle is also known as a "__"
negative
92
true or false: in eccentric movement, work is actually being done on the muscle rather than the muscle doing the work
TRUE
93
what happens to the actin and myosin cross-bridges as the muscle shortens?
they move together (known as sliding-filament theory)
94
concentric motion examples
- jumping upward
| - the "lifting" phase during a resistance training exercise
95
how are isometric actions used in activities of daily living and sports?
to dynamically stabilize the body
96
isometric motion examples
- the adductors and abductors of the thigh during a squat will dynamically stabilize the leg from moving too much in the frontal and transverse planes
- during a ball crunch, the transversus abdominis and multifidus (deep spine muscles) stabilize the lumbar spine
- during dumbbell bench press, the rotator cuff musculature dynamically stabilizes the shoulder joint
97
what does an isokinetic muscle action require?
the use of expensive and sophisticated equipment that measures the amount of force generated by the muscles and adjusts the resistance (load) so that no matter how much muscular tension is produced, movement remains constant
-aka the harder an individual pushes or pulls, the more resistance they feel
98
during a full isokinetic contraction, where is the tension in the muscle at its maximum?
throughout the whole range of motion
99
what are the benefits of isokinetic muscle actions?
improves strength, endurance, and neuromuscular efficiency
100
concentric phase of a bicep curl
-the initial movement requires the biceps to shorten to generate force to overcome gravity and the weight of the dumbbell, allowing the elbows to flex and the dumbbells to move up toward the front of the shoulder
101
isometric phase of a bicep curl
- once the dumbbells are raised to the front of the shoulder, the individual holds this position
- because the length of the muscle does not change while holding this position, but the biceps are stilly applying force and under tension, this is considered the isometric portion of the exercise
102
eccentric phase of a bicep curl
-as the individual lowers the dumbbells down back to the starting position, the biceps now lengthen (under the control of the nervous system) to decelerate the force of the dumbbells and gravity
103
eccentric phase of a squat
- to initiate the squat from a standing position the individual squats down, flexing at the hips, knees, and ankles
- the individual is in the "lowering" phase of the resistance exercise
- moreover, as the individual squats downward, the gluteal muscle sand quadriceps mechanically lengthen while simultaneously decelerating the force of their body weight and gravity
104
isometric phase of a squat
-when the individual pauses at the bottom position and no joint motion is visible
105
concentric phase of a squat
-when the individual returns to the starting position (lifting phase), contracting the gluteal muscles and quadriceps
106
true or false: muscles usually work in isolation
- FALSE
- rarely do muscles work in isolation
- it is important to view muscles functioning in all planes of motion and through the entire muscle action spectrum
- in addition, several muscles work synergistically to produce force, stabilize the body, and reduce force under direct control of the nervous system
107
what are forces characterized by?
1. magnitude (how much)
| 2. direction (which way they are moving)
108
optimal muscle length
- when the actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere have the greatest degree of overlap
- this results in the ability of myosin to make a maximal amount of connections with actin and thus results in the potential for maximal force production of that muscle
109
what happens when you lengthen a muscle beyond its optimal length?
lengthening a muscle beyond its optimal length and then stimulating it reduces the amount of actin and myosin overlap, reducing force production
110
what happens when you shorten a muscle too much?
shortening a muscle too much and then stimulating it places the actin and myosin in a state of maximal overlap and allows no further movement to occur between the filaments, reducing its force output
111
the force-velocity curve
refers to the relationship of muscle's ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities
112
what happens as the velocity of a concentric muscle action increases?
- its ability to produce force decreases
- this is thought to be the result of overlapping the actin filament that may interfere with its ability to form cross-bridges with myosin
113
what happens as the velocity of an eccentric muscle action increases?
- the ability to develop force increases
- this is believed to be the result of the use of the elastic component of the connective tissue surrounding and within the muscle
114
how is the force that muscles produce transmitted to bones?
through their connective tissues (tendons)
115
what do muscles in a force-couple do?
- provide divergent pulls on the bone or bones they connect with
- this is a result of the fact that each muscle has different attachment sites, pulls at a different angle, and creates a different force on that joint
- the motion that results from these forces is dependent on the structure of the joint and the collective pull of each muscle involved
116
what allows for proper sensorimotor integration (and ultimately proper and efficient movement)?
1. proper length-tension relationships
2. force-couple relationships
3. arthrokinematics
117
movement created by internal and external obliques (force-couple)
trunk rotation
118
movement created by upper trapezius and lower portion of the serratus anterior (force-couple)
upward rotation of the scapula
119
movement created by the gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and calf muscles (force-couple)
produce hip and knee extension during walking, running, stair climbing, etc.
120
movement created by the gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, and tibialis posterior (force-couple)
performing plantarflexion at the foot and ankle complex
121
movement created by the deltoid and rotator cuff
performing shoulder abduction
122
the amount of force that the HMS can produce depends on what 3 factors?
1. motor unit recruitment
2. muscle size
3. the lever system of the joint
123
skeletal muscles are attached to bone by ___
tendons
124
what is joint motion caused by?
muscles pulling on bones
125
true or false: muscles cannot actively push
TRUE
126
what does a lever consist of?
a rigid "bar" that pivots around a stationary fulcrum (pivot point)
127
in the human body, what is the fulcrum and what is the lever?
```
fulcrum = the joint axis
levers = bones
```
128
first-class lever
fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw
129
first-class lever example
nodding the head, with the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum (joint axis)
130
second-class lever
resistance in the middle (with the fulcrum and effort on either side), like a load in a wheelbarrow
131
second-class lever example
full-body pushup or calf raise
-in a calf raise, the ball of the foot is the fulcrum, the body weight is the resistance, and the effort is applied by the calf musculature
132
third-class lever
- effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum
| - the effort always travel a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance
133
most limbs of the body operate as what kind of lever?
third-class lever
134
third-class lever example
the human forearm
-the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is applied by the biceps muscle, and the load is in the hand such as a dumbbell when performing a biceps curl
135
the amount of leverage the HMS will have (for any given movement) depends on what?
the leverage of the muscles in relation to the resistance
136
what determines the efficiency with which the muscles manipulate the movement/.
the difference between the distance that the weight is from the center of the joint and the muscle's attachment and line of pull (direction through which tension is applied through the tendon) is from the joint
137
what is the easiest way to alter the amount of torque generated at a joint?
move the resistance (since we cannot alter the attachment sites or the line of pull of our muscles through the tendon)
138
the closer the weight is to the point of rotation (the joint), the ____ torque it creates
less
139
the farther away the weight is from the point of rotation, the ___ torque it creates
more
140
what is the prime mover for shoulder abduction?
the deltoid muscle
141
what does the study of motor behavior examine?
the manner by which the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems interact to produce skilled movement using sensory information from internal and external environments
142
motor behavior is the collective study of what 3 things?
1. motor control
2. motor learning
3. motor development
143
in order to move in an organized and efficient manner, what must the HMS exhibit?
precise control over its collective segments
-this segmental control is an integrated process involving neural, skeletal, and muscular components to produce appropriate motor responses
144
how to muscle synergies simplify movement?
by allowing muscles and joints to operate as a functional unit
145
how to muscle synergies become more fluent and automated?
through practice of proper movement patterns (proper exercise technique)
146
where does proprioception use information from?
the mechanoreceptors (muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, and joint receptors)
147
what does proprioception provide information about?
body position, movement, and sensation as it pertains to muscle and joint force
148
why is proprioception a vital source of information?
it allows the nervous system to gather information about the environment and produce the most efficient movement
149
true or false: proprioception is altered after injury
TRUE
150
what percentage of the adult population experiences lower-back pain?
80%
151
how can core and balance training enhance one's proprioceptive capabilities?
increasing postural control and decreasing tissue overload
152
squat muscle synergies
quadricep, hamstring complex, gluteus maximus
153
shoulder press muscle synergies
deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius
154
sensorimotor integration is effective as long as what?
the quality of incoming sensory information is good
155
what happens when individuals train using improper form?
they will develop improper sensory information delivered to the central nervous system, leading to movement compensations and potential injury
156
what can be altered with improper form?
1. length-tension relationships (muscle length)
2. force-couple relationships (improper recruitment pattern of muscles)
3. arthrokinematics (improper joint motion)
157
what must happen for a movement to occur repeatedly?
sensory information and sensorimotor integration must be used to aid the HMS in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns, a process referred to as feedback
158
what does feedback allow for?
efficient movement
159
how does internal (sensory) feedback act as a guide?
it steers the HMS to the proper force, speed, and amplitude of movement patterns
160
what does external feedback provide the client with?
another source of information that allows him or her to associate whether the achieved movement pattern was "good" or "bad" with what he or she is feeling internally
161
2 major forms of external feedback
1. knowledge of results
| 2. knowledge of performance
162
knowledge of results
feedback used after the completion of a movement to help inform the client about the outcome of his performance
163
knowledge of results example
telling a client that his squats were "good" and asking the client if he could "feel" or "see" is form
164
knowledge of performance
feedback that provides information about the quality of the movement during the exercise
165
knowledge of performance example
noticing that during a squat, the client's feet were externally rotated and her knees were excessively adducting, then asking the client if she felt or saw anything different about those reps
166
how is knowledge of results beneficial for a client?
- it increases their awareness and other forms of sensory feedback, leading to more effective exercise technique
- improves neuromuscular efficiency
167
when should knowledge of results be used?
after each rep, after a few reps, or after the set is completed
168
how is knowledge of performance beneficial to the client?
it gets them involved in his or her own sensory process
169
what do knowledge of results and performance allow for?
- the identification of performance errors
- more effective performance outcomes in the future
- important outcome of motivation
- supplemental sensory input for the client to help create an awareness of the desired action
170
what happens if a client becomes dependent on external feedback?
- it may detract from their responsiveness to internal sensory input, or internal motivation
- it can negatively affect sensorimotor integration and motor learning, and ultimately movement patterns
171
true or false: each system of the HMS (kinetic chain) is interdependent
TRUE
-all of the segments and processes in the entire chain must work together to gather information from internal and external environments to create and learn movements (or motor behavior)
172
what does the body use to create efficient movement (or motor control)?
proprioception, sensorimotor integration, and muscle synergies
