Chapter 5- Inflammation and Healing

Question 1

First line defense

Answer 1

Mechanical barrier such as skin or mucous membrane that blocks entry of bacteria or harmful substances into the tissues

Question 2

Second line of defense

Answer 2

Phagocytosis and inflammation

Question 3

Phagocytosis

Answer 3

Engulf bacteria, cell debris, or foreign matter

Question 4

Interferons

Answer 4

non-specific agents that produce uninfected cells against viruses

Question 5

Third line of defense

Answer 5

Stimulate production of unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific substances

Question 6

Inflammation

Answer 6

Normal defense mechanism in the body to localize and remove an injurious agent. Not the same as infection. The body’s response to tissue injury, resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and sometimes a loss of function. Suffix “itis” means inflammation

Question 7

Causes of inflammation

Answer 7

Physical damage, caustic chemicals, allergic reactions, extreme heat or cold, foreign bodies, or infection

Question 8

Acute inflammation

Answer 8

May develop immediately and last a short time, or may be more severe and prolonged

Question 9

Local effects

Answer 9

cardinal signs are redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Question 10

Redness and warmth

Answer 10

Caused by increased blood flow into the damaged area

Question 11

Swelling and edema

Answer 11

Due to shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space

Question 12

Pain

Answer 12

Caused by increased pressure of fluid on the nerves and local irritation of nerves by chemical mediators such as bradykinin

Question 13

Loss of function

Answer 13

Occurs if cells lack nutrients or swelling interferes mechanically with function such as joint movement

Question 14

Exudate

Answer 14

Collection of interstitial fluid in the inflamed area

Question 15

Serous

Answer 15

Watery exudates found in allergic reactions and burns

Question 16

Fibrinous

Answer 16

Thick and sticky exudates with high cell and fibrin content; increases the risk of scar tissue in the area

Question 17

Purulent

Answer 17

Thick, yellow-green; indicates bacterial infection; “pus”

Question 18

Abscess

Answer 18

Localized pocket of purulent exudate in a solid tissue

Question 19

Systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 19

Mild fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, anorexia, or fever

Question 20

Diagnostic tests for inflammation

Answer 20

Leukocytosis, serum C-reactive protein elevated, erythrocyte sedimentation rate elevated, plasma proteins (fibrinogen and prothrombin), and differential count shows altered category of type of WBC

Question 21

Complications of inflammation

Answer 21

Local inflammation and infection, and skeletal muscle spasms or strong muscle contraction

Question 22

Chronic inflammation

Answer 22

Less swelling and exudate, more lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts, more tissue destruction, more collagen is produced in the area, more fibrous scar tissue forms

Question 23

Complications of chronic inflammation

Answer 23

Rheumatoid arthritis and deep ulcers

Question 24

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 24

Chronic inflammation with periodic exacerbations of acute inflammation

Question 25

Deep ulcers

Answer 25

Caused by severe or prolonged inflammation caused by cell necrosis and lack of cell regeneration

Question 26

Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid

Answer 26

Reduced inflammatory response, reduced pain and fever. Always discontinue 7-14 days before surgery to prevent excessive bleeding

Question 27

Acetaminophen

Answer 27

Decreases fever and pain but does not decrease inflammation

Question 28

NSAIDS

Answer 28

Ibuprofen, piroxicam. Have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Reduced the production of prostaglandins. Treats acute injuries and used in dental procedures

Question 29

Corticosteroids

Answer 29

Oral, topicl, joint, IM, IV, inhalers. Don't stop suddenly

Question 30

First-aid measures

Answer 30

``` RICE Rest Ice Compression Elevation ```

Question 31

Other treatments

Answer 31

Physical therapy, occupational therapy, rest, nutrition, and hydration

Question 32

Resolution

Answer 32

Minimal tissue damage. Damages cells recover, tissue returns to normal in short time

Question 33

Regeneration

Answer 33

Occurs in damaged tissue and cells capable of mitosis

Question 34

Replacement

Answer 34

By connective tissue when there is extensive damage

Question 35

First intention

Answer 35

Wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrotic tissue, and edges are close together with minimal gap.. Surgical incisions

Question 36

Second intention

Answer 36

Large break in the tissue, more inflammation, longer healing time, more scar tissue

Question 37

Factors that promote healing

Answer 37

Youth, nutrition (vitamins A, C, and protein), good hemoglobin, effective circulation, clean wound, and no infection or further trauma to the site

Question 38

Factors that delay healing

Answer 38

Advanced age, poor nutrition, dehydration, anemia, circulatory problems, certain chronic diseases, diabetes and cancer, irritation, infection, chemotherapy treatment, prolonged use of glucocorticoids, foreign material, radiation exposure, and bleeding

Question 39

Complications from scar formation

Answer 39

Loss of function, contractures and obstruction, adhesions, hypertrophic scar tissue, and ulceration

Question 40

Burns

Answer 40

Caused by thermal (heat), non-thermal (electrical or chemical)

Question 41

First degree burn

Answer 41

Superficial; damage the epidermis and maybe upper dermis. Red and painful but heal quickly without scar tissue

Question 42

Second degree burn

Answer 42

Partial thickness; destruction of epidermis and part of the dermis. Red, edematous, blistered, hypersensitive, painful in inflammatory stage. Dead skin sloughs off and healing occurs by regeneration from the edges of blistered areas. Grafts may be needed to cover large areas

Question 43

Third degree burns

Answer 43

Full thickness; destruction of all layers. Burn area is charred and is hard and dry on the surface. Initially burn area is painless because of the destruction of nerves. Requires skin grafts for healing because there are no cells for production of new skin