Chapter 7- Immunity

Question 1

Components of immune system

Answer 1

Lymphoid structure, immune cells or lymphocytes and macrophages, and tissues involving immune cell production and development

Question 2

Elements of immune system

Answer 2

Antigens, genes passed from parents, MHC molecules, monocytes, macrophages, phagocytic, antibodies and immunoglobins, complement system, and chemical mediators

Question 3

Antigens

Answer 3

Activate the immune system

Question 4

MHC molecules

Answer 4

Detect changes in cell membranes due to viruses or cancer

Question 5

Memory cells

Answer 5

Occur when a person has been exposed to the specific foreign antigen and must have developed specific immunity to it

Question 6

Natural immunity

Answer 6

Species-specific

Question 7

Innate immunity

Answer 7

Gene-specific

Question 8

Primary response

Answer 8

Occurs when a person is first exposed to an antigen

Question 9

Secondary response

Answer 9

Occurs when a repeat exposure to the same antigen occurs

Question 10

Bone marrow

Answer 10

Cell-mediated immunity (T cells) and humoral or antibody mediated immunity (B cells)

Question 11

Lymphocytes

Answer 11

T-cells (directly destroy invading antigens), B-cells (antibody production), and natural killer cells

Question 12

IgG

Answer 12

Most common; activates complement

Question 13

IgM

Answer 13

Bound to B lymphocytes in circulation; first to increase; ABO blood type reactions

Question 14

IgA

Answer 14

Found in secretions; provides protection to newborn child

Question 15

IgE

Answer 15

Bound to mast cells; present in inflammation; release of histamine

Question 16

IgD

Answer 16

Attached to and activated B cells

Question 17

Natural active

Answer 17

Exposed to the pathogen; body creates immunity

Question 18

Artificial active

Answer 18

Vaccines

Question 19

Natural passive

Answer 19

Temporarily protective

Question 20

Artificial passive

Answer 20

Must be given (anti-serum) and provides a temporary immunity

Question 21

Bioterrorism

Answer 21

Using altered antigenic forms of common viruses or bacteria. Would have a widespread impact on populations because immunizations would not protect against them

Question 22

Allograft

Answer 22

Exchanged between same species

Question 23

Isograft

Answer 23

Exchanged between two genetically identical bodies

Question 24

Autograft

Answer 24

Tissue from same individual transferred from one part of the body to another

Question 25

Xenograft

Answer 25

Exchanged between two different species

Question 26

Rejection process

Answer 26

Involves type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction and humoral response. The rejection process eventually destroys the organ so that transplanted organs need to be replaced

Question 27

Host-versus-graft disease

Answer 27

The recipient's immune system rejects the graft

Question 28

Graft-versus-host disease

Answer 28

Graft T-cells attack host cells

Question 29

Immunosuppression techniques

Answer 29

Used to reduce the immune response and prevent rejection. Drugs must be taken on a continuous basis and patient must be monitored for rejection. Limit normal body defenses

Question 30

Type I hypersensitivity

Answer 30

IgE. Allergic reactions (mild to severe). Histamine release, mast cells, inflammation, swelling, itching, and anaphylaxis

Question 31

Type II hypersensitivity

Answer 31

IgG or IgM. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity. Cytolytic enzymes released; destroy cells. Blood transfusion reactions; causes destruction of blood cells called hemolysis. RH factor incompatibility

Question 32

Type III hypersensitivity

Answer 32

Antigen/antibody immune complex. Immune complex hypersensitivity. Inflammation and tissue destruction. Auto-immune disease

Question 33

Type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 33

T-lymphocytes. Cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity. Delayed response by sensitized T lymphocytes to antigens, resulting in release of lymphokines or other chemical mediators that cause an inflammatory response and destruction of the antigen

Question 34

Immunodeficiency

Answer 34

The body's capacity to fight foreign substances results in a compromised or a lack of an immune response. Partial or total loss of function in one or more components of the immune system leading to increased risk of infection and cancer

Question 35

AIDS

Answer 35

Chronic infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus. Destroys the helper T lymphocytes. Normal immune response is lost resulting in increased susceptibility to secondary infections and cancer. Characterized by a prolonged latent period followed by a period of active infection