Chapter 5- Kinesiology and Functional Characteristics of the Upper Limb Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What is the functional capacity of the upper limb determined by?
A
The shoulder complex
Elbow
Wrist
Hand developing multiple spheres of action
2
Q
Where does the upper limb usually reach to, in normal standing position?
A
Mid-thigh
3
Q
What is integrated into the reaching action, to reach further down than mid-thigh?
A
Integration of gait
4
Q
When the upper limb is maintained in neutral rotation at the shoulder the motion is what?
A
Restricted
No elbow action is possible in this plane
5
Q
With the upper limb in complete external rotation, while moving in a circle in the frontal plane, which portion of the circle is easier to move through?
A
The outer circle- away from the body
6
Q
With the upper limb in complete internal rotation, while moving in a circle in the frontal plane, which portion of the circle is easier to move through?
A
Inner half of the circle- through the body
7
Q
Which joints determine the motion during elevation of the upper extremity in the frontal plane?
A
Scapulohumeral
Scapulothoracic
Acromioclavicular
Sternoclavicular
8
Q
What helps establish smooth motion during elevation of the upper extremity?
A
External rotation
9
Q
Beyond 90 degrees of elevation, external rotation helps do what?
A
Free the greater tuberosity from the acromial process
10
Q
What else is offered after the 90 degrees of elevation and external rotation?
A
More humeral articular surface to the opposing glenoid
11
Q
From 0-30 degrees of elevation the motion occurs at what joint?
A
Scapulohumeral
With variable motion
12
Q
What degrees of elevation is the setting phase of the scapular motion?
A
0-30 degrees
13
Q
What happens in the last 150 degrees of elevation?
A
The scapulohumeral joint motion and scapulothoracic motion of upward rotation participate at a ration of 2 to 1 as measured in the frontal plane
14
Q
What is the total contribution of motion of the scapulohumeral joint?
A
130 Degrees
15
Q
What is the motion of the clavicle in the first 90 degrees of elevation?
A
Elevated at the sternoclavicular joint about 40 degrees
16
Q
What is the motion of the clavicle in the second 90 degrees of elevation?
A
Rotates on its long axis for another 40-50 degrees
17
Q
What is the combined acromioclavicular motion during the initial and terminal phases of elevation?
A
20 degrees
18
Q
What are the motor units responsible for scapulohumeral elevation?
A
Middle segment of the deltoid
Rotator cuff- Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
19
Q
What action does the deltoid do?
A
Acts as the upper vector component of the force couple
20
Q
What action does the rotator cuff do?
A
Stabilizes the humeral head
Acts as the lower vector force of the couple
21
Q
The deltoid action potential reaches a maximum at what degree?
A
110 degrees then maintains a plateau level of activity
22
Q
The supraspinatus reaches a peak activity level at what degree?
A
110 degrees then diminishes
23
Q
The subscapularis reaches peak activity level at what degree?
A
100 degrees, then maintains a plateau of activity up to 130 degrees then diminishes
24
Q
The teres minor reaches peak activity level at what degree?
A
120 degrees then maintains that plateau of activity
25
The infraspinatus is different from the others because of what?
It continues to increase activity throughout the whole elevation process.
26
Which muscle also acts as an external rotator?
Posterior segment of the deltoid
27
What are the motor units acting during the upward roation of the scapula?
Upper and lower trapezius
| Lower digitations of the serratus anterior
28
What creates the internal rotation of the upper extremity?
Subscapularis
Pectoralis major
Anterior segments of the deltoid
29
What creates adduction of the upper extremity?
Pectoralis major
Anterior segments of the deltoid
Coracobrachialis
30
During the anterior adduction-internal rotation of the arm in the frontal plane, the scapula is in what position?
Abducted
31
What muscles create the abducted position of the scapula?
Serratus anterior
| Pectoralis minor
32
The posterior adduction in the frontal plane is caused by what muscles?
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Long head of the triceps
Posterior segment of the deltoid
33
What creates the internal rotation during posterior adduction in the frontal plane?
Latissimus dorsi
| Teres major
34
During posterior adduction in the frontal plane, the scapula does what and with which muscles?
Scapula is adducted
Middle segment of trapezius
Rhomboid
Latissimus dorsi
35
What motion does the scapula make when the arm is coming from the maximum elevated position and is brought down in the outer circle of the frontal plane?
Downward rotation
36
What produces the downward rotation of the scapula in the frontal plane?
Latissimus dorsi
Lower segment of the pectoralis major
Levator scapulae
37
What are the depressors of the shoulder complex?
```
Latissimus dorsi
Lower segment of the trapezius
Lower segment of the pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
```
38
What are the elevators of the scapula?
Levator scapulae
Upper segment of the trapezius
Rhomboids
39
What muscles create the elevation or flexion of the upper limb in the sagittal plane?
Anterior segment of the deltoid
Biceps
Coracobrachialis
Clavicular head of the pectoralis major
40
Which muscles controls the motion when the upper extremity is elevated to 90 degrees in the frontal plane and then traces an arc of 165 degrees in the transverse plane?
Flexors and extensors of the scapulohumeral joint
41
With the elbow bent at 90 degrees, palm up, what is the degree of movement in the transverse plane?
80 degrees internally
| 60 externally
42
With the upper extremity lifted to a 90 degree angle in the frontal plane, and the elbow bent at 90 degrees, what are the degrees of movement in the sagittal plane?
90 degrees upward
| 70 degrees down
43
What is the degree of motion of the elbow joint?
150 degrees
44
During motion, what is the plane of motion for the elbow joint determined by?
The shoulder and its position
45
What are the main flexors of the elbow?
Brachialis
| Biceps
46
What are the accessory flexors of the elbow?
Brachioradialis
| Pronator Teres
47
Which flexor of the elbow is active at any rotational position of the forearm and any speed with or without load applied to the flexing forearm?
Brachialis
48
When does the biceps get activated?
When slight resistance is applied and supinated
49
When might the biceps be activated in pronation?
When significant resistance is applied
50
When does the brachioradialis get activated during flexion?
When flexing rapidly at any rotational position
| As a reserve flexor during resistance
51
When does pronator teres get activated during flexion?
Only when resistance is encountered during flexion
52
What is the main extensor of the elbow?
Triceps
53
What is the assistant muscle of the extensors of the elbow?
Anconeus
54
What is the baseline worker for extension?
Medial head of triceps
55
Which other muscle segment is minimally active during extension?
Lateral head
56
When are the long head and lateral head of the triceps usually fully activated?
When resistance is applied
57
What is the average ROM of pronation and supination of the forearm?
173 degrees measured at the level of the hand
| 156 degrees measured at the wrist
58
What creates the difference in ROM degrees during supination and pronation between the level of the hand and the level of the wrist?
Radiocarpal and midcarpal joints
59
What is the average ROM and range of ROM for just pronation?
62 degrees
| Range 49-84 degrees
60
What is the average ROM and range of ROM for just supination?
104 degrees
| Range 86-122 degrees
61
Where is the axis for pronation-supination?
Extends from the center of radial head to the distal end of the radius and passes to the radial and ulnar styloid processes
Average-Passes through the distal end of the radius in line with the third metacarpal.
62
During pronation which direction does the ulnar head displace?
Laterally
63
During pronation-supination, when rotational motion occurs along an axis passing through the middle finger and near the radial styloid process, what does the ulna do?
Traces a much larger arc of motion than the radius
64
During pronation-supination, when rotational motion occurs along the line of the little finger, what does the radius do?
Radial styloid creates a large arc around the ulna
65
What determines the axis of rotation during supination-pronation?
The peripheral point of fixation through the finger or tool held in the hand.
66
Which membrane relaxes and tenses during pronation and supination?
Interosseous membrane
67
When is the interosseous membrane the smallest?
During pronation
68
When is the interosseous membrane the biggest?
Neutral
69
Which muscle pronates the forearm?
Pronator quadratus
| Pronator teres
70
Which of the forearm pronators is the main muscle?
Pronator quadratus
71
Which of the forearm pronators assists the main muscles?
Pronator teres
72
When is the the pronator teres activated?
More speed required
| Resistance applied
73
What are the accessary pronators of the forearm?
Flexor or carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
These muscle's activation are controversial
74
What is the main supinator muscle for the forearm?
Supinator
75
What is the secondary supinator muscle?
Biceps
76
When is the biceps activated for supination?
Fast supination
| Resistance is applied
77
What are the accessory supinators?
Extensor carpi radialis longus
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis
78
What are the movements of the wrist?
Flexion
Extension
Lateral deviation
Slight pronation-supination
79
What is the average arc of the wrist for flexion and extension and the range?
121 degrees
| 84-169
80
What is the average arc of just extension and range?
55 degrees
| 31-79 degrees
81
What is the average arc of just flexion and range?
66 degrees
| 38-102 degrees
82
Which joints of the wrist participate in flexion and extension?
Radiocarpal joint
| Midcarpal joint
83
At neutral, the ROM of flexion for the midcarpal joint is what?
40 degrees
84
At neutral, the ROM of flexion for the radiocarpal joint is what?
26 degrees
85
What is the percentage of contribution of the midcarpal joint and radiocarpal joint during wrist flexion?
Midcarpal-60%
| Radiocarpal-40%
86
What is the average ROM at the midcarpal joint for extension?
19 degrees
87
What is the average ROM at the radiocarpal joint for extension?
37 degrees
88
What is the percentage of contribution of the midcarpal joint and radiocarpal joint during wrist extension?
Midcarpal- 33.5%
| Radiocarpal- 66.5%
89
Which carpal bone belongs in the proximal row functionally and during extension, and to the proximal row during flexion?
Scaphoid
90
What type of fractures occurs when the wrist is in extension?
Scaphoid
| Distal end of radius
91
When are the carpal bones more rigid?
During wrist extension
92
When are the carpal bones more flexible?
During wrist flexion
93
Which muscles flex the wrist?
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
94
Which muscles are the accessory flexors of the wrist?
The long digital flexors
95
Which muscles extend the wrist?
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
96
WHich muscles are the accessory extensors of the wrist?
Digital extensors
97
What is the average lateral wrist deviation?
40 degrees
30 degrees ulnar direction
15 degrees on the radial side
98
How do you make the ulnar deviation range greater?
Supinate the hand
99
When can the full profile of the scaphoid be seen?
Ulnar deviation
100
What is pronation of the wrist?
Extension and radial deviation
101
What is supination of the wrist
Flexion
| Ulnar deviation
102
Where is the center of rotation during radioulnar deviation?
Head of the capitate
103
What are the radial deviators of the wrist?
```
Abductor pollicis
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Long extesnors of the index
Flexor carpi radialis
```
104
What are the ulnar deviators of the wrist?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Long extensors of the middle, ring, and little fingers
105
At what degree is the grip power the greatest?
35 degrees of extension
106
At what degree is the grip power at its weakest?
Full extension
107
What is the descending order of muscle recruitment to make a soft fist when the wrist is extended?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis longus
108
What happens when you make a tight fist when the wrist is extended?
All the muscles used to make a soft fist are maximally active
109
What is the descending order of muscle recruitment when gently extending the fingers as the wrist is held in extension?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
| Flexor carpi ulnaris
110
What is the descending order of muscle recruitment when forcefully extending the fingers as the wrist is held in extension?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Palmaris longus
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Flexor carpi radialis
111
What is the muscle that flexes the distal joint of the fingers?
Flexor profundus
112
What is the muscle that flexes the middle joint of the fingers?
Flexor superficialis
113
What are the muscle that flex the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Intrinsic muscles
114
Extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint is controleld by what?
Long extensor
115
An indirect action occurs on what in the wrist, when extending the metacarpophalangeal joint, and through what attachment?
Extension exerted by the long extensor on the proximal phalanx
Through volar attachment of the trasnverse or quadrilateral lamina
116
A direct action occurs on what in the wrist, when extending the metacarpophalangeal joint?
A tendinous attachment of the long extensor to the dorsum of the proximal phalanx
117
What is the percentage of people who have the long extensor to the dorsum of the proximal phalanx?
38.5% of people
118
The side motion and rotation of the fingers is determined by what?
Intrinsic muscles
119
The dorsal interossei does what motion to the fingers?
Abducts
| Spreads
120
The volar interossei does what motion to the fingers
Adducts
121
What boney surface is the thumb?
Conoid surface
122
How many phases make up opposition?
Two
123
What are the phases of opposition?
Stage I-Thumb is positioned against the pulp of a corresponding finger
Stage II- Clamping of the thumb pad against the opposed finger
124
What are the muscles and nerve involved in stage I of opposition?
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens
Superficial head of the short flexor
Median nerve
125
What are the muscles and nerve involved in stage II of opposition?
Adductor
Deep head of short flexor
Ulnar nerve
126
What are the two groups of functional hand activities?
Nonprehensile
| Prehensile
127
What are included in nonprehensile activities?
```
Touching
Feeling
pressing down
Tapping
Vibrating
Lifting
Pushing
Stirring
```
128
What are included in prehensile activities?
Precision
| Power grips
129
What are the precision grips?
Palmer
Tip
Lateral/key
130
What are the power grips?
Cylindrical
Hook
Spherical
