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Biology > Chapter 5: Macromolecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Macromolecules Flashcards

0
Q

Why is the atoms fixed ratio for carbohydrates?

A

1 Carbon
2 Hydrogens
1 Carbon

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

Pentose- Ribose

A

C H O

5 10 5

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3
Q

Hexose- Glucose

A

C H O

6 12 6

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4
Q

Type of carbohydrate structures?

A
  1. Ring

2. Linear

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5
Q

Sugars like pasta and bread are what type of sugars?

A

Alpha Sugars

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6
Q

Sugars not digestible for animals are?

A

Beta Sugars

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7
Q

Fructose is?

A

Fruit sugar

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8
Q

What is the common name for Galactose

A

Milk Sugar

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9
Q

Describe a disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides joined by condensation/ dehydration reaction

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10
Q

When two sugars link together it forms what type of bond?

A

A Glycosidic Bond

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11
Q

Give the scientific name for table sugar?

A

Sucrose = glucose + fructose

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12
Q

Maltose is?

Glucose + Glucose

A

Brewers Sugar

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13
Q

Milk Sugar is?

A

Lactose = glucose + galactose

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14
Q

Many monosaccharides linked together forms a?

A

Polysaccharide

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15
Q

Lipids:

A
  • composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms

- are nonpolar

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16
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

Fatty Acids

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17
Q

Name the three types of Lipids:

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Sterols
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18
Q

3 fatty acids + glycerol =

A

Triglycerides or Triacylglycerols

19
Q

What comes from animals and is solid at room temperature?

A

Fats

20
Q

Oils are?

A

Liquids at room temperature and come from plants

21
Q

Fats are important for?

A
  • Energy
  • Cushioning
  • Insulation
22
Q

Single Covalent Bonds create :

A

Saturated Fats

23
Q

One or More Double Bonds create:

A

Unsaturated Fats

24
Q

Cis are?

Trans are?

A
  • formed naturally

- formed by a synthetic process

25
Q

A glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group =

A

Phospholipids

26
Q

Describe Phospholipids:

A

-Amphipathic
Phosphate Region: polar
Fatty acid Chains: nonpolar

27
Q

A common name for Sterols is?

A

Steroids

28
Q

Describe Sterols:

A
  • Non-water soluble

- Used to make membranes more rigid

29
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

30
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

31
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

32
Q

What determines the structure and function of proteins?

A

Their side-chain

33
Q

When two amino acids bind together they form a?

A

Peptide Bond

< 50 amino acids

34
Q

> 50 amino acids

A

Polypeptide Bond

35
Q

> 100 amino acids

A

A PROTEIN

36
Q

Proteins start and end:

A

The amino ( N ) and end at carboxylic ( C )

37
Q

list the 4 structures of proteins

A
  1. Primary : order
  2. Secondary : starts to fold
  3. Tertiary : completely folded
  4. Quaternary : joins other polypeptide chains
38
Q

What are 5 factors that promote protein folding and stability?

A
  1. Hydrogen Bonds
  2. Ionic Attractions
  3. Hydrophobic Effects
  4. Van der Waals forces
  5. Disulfide bridges
39
Q

4 principle forces of protein- protein interactions are:

A
  1. Hydrogen Bonds
  2. Ionic Attractions
  3. Hydrophobic Effects
  4. Van der Waals Forces
40
Q

Nucleic acids are responsible for?

A

Storage
Expression
& Transmission of genetic information

41
Q

What are the building blocks of Nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

42
Q

What forms a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate group
A five-carbon sugar
A nitrogenous base (purine/pyrimidine)

43
Q

A & G are?

A

Purines

44
Q

C U T are?

A

Pyrimidines

Biology (7 decks)

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