Chapter 6: Cells and their Structures

Question 0

Define Magnification:

Answer 0

Ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and it’s actual size

Question 1

What are the 3 characteristics of the Cell Theory?

Answer 1

• all organisms are composed of one or more cells
• cells are the smallest units of life
• new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division

Question 2

Define Resolution:

Answer 2

Ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another

Question 3

Define Contrast

Answer 3

How different one structure looks from another (enhanced by dyes)

Question 4

Name the two electron microscope types:

Answer 4

1. Transmission Electron Microscope

2. Scanning Electron Microscope

Question 6

TEM

Answer 6

• beam of electrons transmitted through sample
• thin slices stained with heavy metals
• some electrons scatter while others pass through to form an image

Question 7

SEM

Answer 7

• sample coated with heavy metal

- beam scans surface to make a 3D image

Question 8

What are the two categories of cell structure?

Answer 8

1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotes

Question 9

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 9

• Simple cell structure
• Lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus
• Single circular DNA chromosome

Question 10

Name the two categories of Prokaryotes:

Answer 10

Bacteria (abundant)

Archaea (extreme environments)

Question 11

Bacterial Cells:

Answer 11

Plasma Membrane: barrier

Question 12

Cytoplasm:

Answer 12

Contained inside plasma membrane

Question 13

Nucleiod:

Answer 13

Region where genetic material is found

Question 14

Ribosomes:

Answer 14

Protein synthesis

Question 15

Located outside the plasma membrane:

Answer 15

Cell Wall:

Support and protection

Question 16

Glycocalyx:

Answer 16

• Traps water

- Protection

Question 17

Capsule:

Answer 17

Hard shell (carb) may help evade iune system

Question 18

Appendages:

Answer 18

Fimbrea (attachment)
Flagella (locomotion)
Pilli (conjugation)

Question 19

Eukaryotic Cells:

Answer 19

DNA HOUSED IN THE NUCLEUS

MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

Question 20

Cytosol:

Answer 20

Outside cell organelles

Question 21

Cytoplasm:

Answer 21

Everything in the plasma membrane

Question 22

The sum of all chemical reactions by cells is the?

Answer 22

Metabolism

Question 23

Catabolism:

Answer 23

• Breakdown of a molecule
• Releases Energy
• Spontaneous

Question 24

Anabolism:

Answer 24

• Synthesis of a molecule
• Requires Energy
• Not Spontaneous

Question 25

The process of polypeptide synthesis is?

Answer 25

Translation: - information within a gene is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

Question 26

The site of synthesis for proteins are?

Answer 26

Ribosomes

Question 27

RNA that brings amino acids

Answer 27

Transfer RNA : tRNA

Question 28

RNA that has information to make a polypeptide

Answer 28

Messenger RNA : mRNA

Question 29

The cytoskeleton is made up of what 3 protein filaments?

Answer 29

1. Microtubules 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Actin filaments

Question 30

Microtubules:

Answer 30

- Long, hollow cylindrical structures | - Dynamic Instability

Question 31

Intermediate filaments:

Answer 31

- intermediate in size | - form twisted, rope like structure

Question 32

Actin filaments:

Answer 32

- Also known as "Microfilaments" | - Long thin fibers

Question 33

What proteins use ATP to promote movement?

Answer 33

Motor proteins

Question 34

Name the 3 domains:

Answer 34

Head Hinge Tail

Question 35

Describe the Walking Analogy

Answer 35

Ground: cytoskeletal filament Leg: motor protein Hip: hinge

Question 36

What are the three kinds of movements:

Answer 36

1. Moves cargo from one location to another 2. Causes the filament to move (one moves past another) 3. Exerts a force that causes the filament to bend

Question 37

Flagella:

Answer 37

Flagella- longer Pairs or single Internal Stucture: 9 + 2 microtubule array Movement: begins at base and continues to the tip

Question 38

Cilia:

Answer 38

Shorter than flagella Tend to cover all or part of the surface of a cell Internal Structure: 9 + 2 microtubule array Movement: begins at the base and continues to the tip

Question 39

Nuclear Envelope:

Answer 39

- double membrane structure | - outer membrane is continuos with the ER

Question 40

Nuclear Pores:

Answer 40

Provide passageways

Question 41

DNA + PROTEINS =

Answer 41

CHROMATIN

Question 42

Several chromatin =

Answer 42

Chromosomes

Question 43

Has a Filamentous network and organizes chromosomes

Answer 43

Nuclear Matrix

Question 44

Where does ribosomal RNA occur?

Answer 44

Nucleolus

Question 45

Fluid filled tubules of the ER are called?

Answer 45

Cisternae

Question 46

A single compartment enclosed by the ER membrane is called?

Answer 46

ER lumen

Question 47

RER

Answer 47

Has ribosomes | Protein synthesis and sorting

Question 48

SER

Answer 48

``` Lacks ribosomes Synthesis and modification of lipids Detoxification Carbohydrate metabolism Calcium balance ```

Question 49

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 49

Vesicles transport materials btw stacks Protein processing Protein sorting Secretion

Question 50

Lysosomes:

Answer 50

``` Acid enzymes (acid hydrolases) that perform hydrolysis Breakdown macromolecules Autophagy ( endocytosis) ```

Question 51

Vacuoles:

Answer 51

Central Vacuoles: storage and support | Contractile Vacuoles: expel excess water

Question 52

Peroxisomes:

Answer 52

Catalyze certain reactions that oxidize molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

Question 53

What is a by-product of catalization?

Answer 53

H O 2 2 Hydrogen peroxide

Question 54

What breaks down H O 2 2 into water and oxygen?

Answer 54

Catalase

Question 55

Plasma Membrane:

Answer 55

Boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment

Question 56

Functions of the plasma membrane:

Answer 56

Membrane transport in and out of the cell * selectively permeable Cell signaling with the use of receptors Cell Adhesion

Question 57

Mitochondria:

Answer 57

Makes ATP Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Matrix Contains it's own DNA and divides by binary fission Involved in the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of cellular molecules

Question 58

Chloroplast:

Answer 58

``` Perform photosynthesis Capture light energy ➡️ synthesize organic molecules Outer membrane Intermembrane space (stroma) Thylakoid space Inner membrane (Thylakoid) ``` Contain their own DNA and divide by binary fission

Question 59

Mitochondria is what? | Creates energy

Answer 59

Catabolic

Question 60

Chloroplast is? | Uses energy

Answer 60

Anabolic

Question 61

Light Microscope

Answer 61

- Uses visible light for illumination | - Resolution 0.2 um