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biology 100 > chapter 5 membranes > Flashcards

chapter 5 membranes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is the plasma membrane composed of

A

phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

What are the structure difference between an animal and plant cell

A

plant cells contain a cell wall composed of carbohydrates (cellulose), has central vacuoles and chloroplasts

animal cells have lysosomes

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3
Q

in terms of cell organelles what is the function of centrosomes

A
  • creates a actin filament that organizes the organelles in the cell
  • during mitosis it is used to pull apart chromosomes apart to make sure chromosomes are present in all new cells
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4
Q

in terms of cell organelles what is the function of the plant cell wall

A

is used as a barrier to infections, keeps the cell parts inside the cell, manages what is lead in and out of the cell

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5
Q

in terms of organelles what is the function of chloroplasts

A

harness energy from the sun to produce energy that is need to break down water molecules in the hydrogen gradients for photosynthesis

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6
Q

in which part of the chloroplast does photosynthesis occur

A

in the thaylakoid which is located in the thaylakoid membrane

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7
Q

in term of organelles what is the function of the central vacuole

A

-provides the cell with structural support
- provides a resouvier for water (stores water)

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8
Q

what is the number on trait of the central vacuole

A

will shrink or expand to fit the amount of water that is found in the cell

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9
Q

what is endosymbiosis

A

when two cells that are joined together when one cell engulfs the other one but they still run as two seperate cells but rely on each other for materials for basic life

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10
Q

what type of cells are involved with endosymbiosis

A

prokaryotic

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11
Q

what is the endomembrane system

A

consists of membrane that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

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12
Q

what does the endomembrane system includes

A

-nuclear envelope
- lysosomes
- vesicles
- endoplasmic reticulum
- golgi apparatus
- plasma membrane

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13
Q

which two organelles has an endomembrane system

A

mitocondria and chloroplasts

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14
Q

in terms of cell organelles what is the functions lysosmes

A

an organelles that has digestive enzymes that breaks down larger biomolecules and worn out organelles ( breaks them down into their simpliest units)

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15
Q

in terms of cell organelles what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

produce proteins or lipids needed by the cell

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16
Q

in terms of cell organelles what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

is covered in ribosomes that read the mRNA seuences and produces protein needed by the cell

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17
Q

in terms of cell organelles what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • manifactures lipids, carbhoydrates, and steroid hormones (lipids)
  • detoxification of medication and poisons
  • storage of Ca+ (in the muscles cells)
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18
Q

where is the endplasmic reticulum located and what is the significance of this placing

A

is located on the outside membrane of the nucleus so it can instantly pickup coding from the nucleus and translate it into molecules needed by the cell

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19
Q

in terms of organelles what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

packages and ships the molecules produced by the endoplasmic reticulum by creating vesicles

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20
Q

in terms of organelles what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • maintains shape of the cell
  • holds organelles in specific positions
  • allows movement of cytoplasm and vesicles within the cells
  • enables cells with multicellular organisms to move
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21
Q

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

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22
Q

what is the function of microfilaments

A
  • involved in movement of the whole cell or inside cell movement
  • determine and stabilizes the shape of cell
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23
Q

what is the function of microtubules

A
  • provides framework for motor proteins to move structures within cells
  • forms rigid internal skeleton for some cells
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24
Q

what is an intercellular junction

A

provides direct channels of communication between cells (when cells attach to each other by plasma membrane)

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25
Q

what are the intercellular junction of plants called

A

plasmodesmata

26
Q

what is plasmodesmata

A

the intercellular junction has channels containing cytoplasm that allows material (nutrients) from cell to cell

27
Q

what are the 3 different types of intercellular junctions of animals cells

A
  • tight junction
  • desmosomes
    -gap junctions
28
Q

what is a tight junction in relation to intercellular junctions

A

when cells are held together by a watertight seal that prevents materials from leaking between cells

29
Q

what is a desmosome in relation to intercellular junctions

A

short proteins in the plasma membrane that acts as a weld (anchor cells together and to the proteins)

30
Q

what is gap junctions in relation to intercellular junction

A

forms channels that allow ions, nutrients, and other materials to move between cells

31
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A
  • defines outer boarders of cells and organelles inside and outside the cell
  • manages what enters or exists the cell
  • reciving external signals and intitating cellular responses
  • hold onto anchoring proteins
32
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

a model of how the phospholipid bilayer is formed

33
Q

what is the most important thing to note about the fluid mosaic model

A

the top layer and bottom layer of phospholipids are not connected and can move independently of each other (phospholipids can move around the integral and peripheral protein)

34
Q

what is the role of the glycerol molecule in the phospholipid

A

attaches the phosphate group to the fatty acid chains

35
Q

in the fatty acid tail of a phospholipid, what is the structure of the two fatty acid tails

A

one fully saturated tail and one unsaturated tail (the more kinks in the structure the more fluid)

36
Q

what is found in the phospholipid bilayer

A
  • charged phospholipid molecules
  • cholestrol molecules
  • different forms of protein channels
  • carbohydrates identifiers
37
Q

what are the two different types of proteins found in the phospholipid layer of a cell

A
  • integral protein
  • peripheral protein
38
Q

what is an integral protein

A

a protein channel in the phospholipid membrane that runs from one side of the bilayer to the other side of the bilayer

39
Q

what is a peripheral protein

A

a protein that is known as an anchoring protein and is only connects from one side of the phospholipid membrane

40
Q

where are the carbohydrates located in the plasma membrane

A

is located on the exterior surface of the cell and is used to identify who we are based on the cells

41
Q

what is membrane fludity

A

the meaning of where a membrane need to be flexible but not completely fluid

42
Q

what are the 3 factor that affect the fuldity of a membrane

A
  • phospholipid type: how tightly packed the acids are based on the structure of the two fatty acid chains
  • temperature : colder temps will compress molecules making the membrane more rigid
  • chlorestrol: the more chlorestorol the higher heat resistance a cell has
43
Q

what is transport

A

the movement of materials in and out of the cell

44
Q

what factor plays a key role in transport? And why?

A

the selectively permability of the semipermable membrane and it controls what molecules pass through the membrane

45
Q

what are the 2 different types of transport

A
  • active
  • passive
46
Q

what is passive transport

A

a type of transport that does not require any energy and is diffusion which transport Carbon, oxygen, water, and salts (COWS) in and out of the cell until equilibrium is reached

47
Q

what is facilitated transports also known as

A

facilitated diffusion
- still no energy is used

48
Q

what is facilitated transport

A

movement of substance down their concentration gradients through integeral membrane proteins

49
Q

what are carrier proteins

A

a protein channel that is specific to a certain substance and opens one end as the at a time while the other one closes (allows movement in either direction as the gradient changes)

50
Q

what is osomosis

A

the diffusion of water from a low solute concentration to a higher solute concentration

51
Q

what is tonicity

A

the level of solutes in a solution

52
Q

what are the three different types of tonicity

A

hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic

53
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the process in which the vacuole changes size and how it changes the cell of the cell (expand or shrink)

54
Q

what is active transport

A

transport that requires energy to transport molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration

55
Q

what are the two types of active transport

A

primary transport: where ATP provides energy
secondary transport: where an electrochemical gradient provides the energy

56
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient

A

a movement of an ion between a charged barrier (cytoplasm contains negatively charged ions)

57
Q

What are the different types of carrier proteins

A

uniporter (one molecule one way)
symporter (two different molecules in one direction)
antiporter (two different molecules on two different direction)

58
Q

What is bulk transport

A

moving multiple things either in or out of the cell at a given time (more energy needed for larger loads)

59
Q

what is endocytosis

A

importing bulk transport

60
Q

what are the three types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis

biology 100 (8 decks)

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