Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

developmental psychology > chapter 5: perception, knowledge and action in infancy > Flashcards

chapter 5: perception, knowledge and action in infancy Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive development

A

the development of behaviors related to perception, attention, thinking, remembering and problem-solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mental representations

A

an internal description of aspects of reality that persist in the absence of these aspects of reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

visual acuity and level at birth

A

the ability to make fine discriminations between the elements in the visual array, 1/30 of perfect vision at adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

visual accomodation and level in infancy

A

the ability to focus on objects irrespective of their distance to the eye, poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when do acuity and accomodation improve

A

in the first 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how can perception in infancy be studies

A

visual preference method or habituation techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

visual preference method

A

infants are shown two objects side by side, the amount of time they spend looking at each one is compared - implies discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

habituation techniques

A

the process by which attention to a stimulus gradually declines over time and recovers when a new stimuli is presented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

shape perception in newborns

A

capable of perceiving differences between simple shapes (cross, triangle, square, circle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

problems for infant perception

A

they might be discriminating between the forms on the basis of the presence of a single feature in one stimulus and its absence in others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

experiments for perception in newborns - what are they discriminating actually

A

can discriminate between line orientations, 4-month-olds could discriminate on the basis of angular relationships but at 6-weeks couldn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

size constancy

A

understanding that an object remains the same size despite its retinal image size changing as it moves closer to or away from us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

shape constancy

A

understanding that an object remains the same shape even though its retinal image shape changes when it’s viewed from different angles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

experiment with size constancy

A

newborns look longer at an object of different size than at the same object at a new distance even when the new object is placed at a distance that leads to the same retinal image - respond to true change in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

retinal image size

A

the size of visually perceived object on the retina of the eyes, will vary depending on the real size of the object and its distance from the observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

object unity

A

understanding that an object is whole or complete even though part of it may be hidden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

experiment with object unity

A

habituated 4-month-olds to rod moving back and forth behind the box, looked longer at separate parts - only when the rod moves (common motion)
at 2 months - only showed the same results if the occluding box was made narrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when can newborns show object unity

A

when the stimuli are presented stroboscopically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

object moves behind an occlude experiment

A

habituating infants to an event in which an object moved back and forth disappearing behind an occlude in the central part of its trajectory
6 months - perceive it as continuous
4 months - only when the occlude was narrow or the object was out of sight very briefly
2 months - perceive it as discontinuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

subjective contour

A

when only parts of an object are presented, the remaining contours are filled in, in order that the complete shape can be perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

subjective contour experiment

A

habituated to a subjective contours of a square and then measuring looking at a real square vs other object
doesn’t exist at birth but does 4+ months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

face perception experiment

A

facial features in the right places vs in a jumbled array vs no features but same overall brightness
preference for face in the 1st month
criticism - facial arrangement contained more info around the edges
later for 2 and 4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happened when they moved schematic stimuli int he visual field of newborns

A

followed faces longer and further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the two mechanisms behind face preference

A

two process account - innate subcortical mechanism (CONSPEC) that leads them to attend preferentially to facies of the same species + after second month - CONLERN - specialization
preference for certain properties of stimuli that aren’t face specific (top heavy stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

difficulties of face discrimination experiments with infants and how were they combated

A

also able to identify their mothers by the sense of smell (perfume) and the mother also recognizes her child (videotapes)

26
Q

when are newborns capable of discriminating between the mother’s and female stranger’s face

A

within days of birth

27
Q

attractiveness bias in infants explained

A

the prototypical face (attractive) might trigger the face recognition system

28
Q

until when are babies able to discriminate Barbary macaque monkeys

A

can at 6 months not at 9

29
Q

when can infants discriminate other races and infant faces

A

at 3 months can’t by 9

30
Q

when is preference for female faces found

A

by 3 months, only for the same race + male for those with male caregivers

31
Q

what did Piaget say about imitation

A

impossible until infants are capable of representing self and others (late in infancy_

32
Q

how was imitation studied

A

blind raters asked to identify the gesture made by the infant as matching the one the adult had been modeling

33
Q

when do infants prenatally start responding to auditory stimuli

A

at 26 their heart rate is changed in relation to auditory stimuli, respond at 12 weeks

34
Q

what other animals can make similar speech sound discrimination to very young infants

A

chinchilla rabbits

35
Q

cognition

A

psychological processes that involve mental representations and thus that go beyond perception

36
Q

object permanence

A

the ability to understand that even if an object is no longer visible, it continues to exist

37
Q

what did Piaget say, when did development of mental representations happen

A

not before 9 months

38
Q

when can children solve the A not B error

A

8-12 months

39
Q

violation of expectation technique

A

infants are shown an event and are then shown two new events, now of which is possible and one of which isn’t - typically look longer at the impossible one

40
Q

flap violation experiment

A

5 months - familiarized with a repeated event in which a flap rotated from flat on the table through 180 degrees so that was again flat on the table
possible - the flap rotated to hide a block and stopped
impossible - the flap rotated 180 degrees appearing to move through the block (more similar to the original event) - looked longer

41
Q

truck violation experiment

A

familiarized with an event in which a truck ran down a track and passed behind a screen
possible: a block is placed behind the track
impossible: block on the track which the truck just passes
infants at 6 and 8 months - looked longer at the impossible event + at 4 months

42
Q

ball roll violation experiment

A

2-month-olds familiarized to an event in which a ball rolled behind a screen, the screen was raised to show the ball resting against an end wall
possible - screen lifted to show a ball next to the obstruction
impossible - ball beyond the obstruction - looked longer
the top of the obstruction was visible, not full object permanence

43
Q

core knowledge

A

basic information about the world, about the physical properties of object available to the very young infant, possibly innaate

44
Q

two types of moving object events experiment

A

familiarized infants at 3 and 4 months to them
in both - 2 screens present, continuous event, an object moved behind the first screen and showed up from it, disappeared behind the second one and showed up again + discontinuous - the middle segment of the object’ trajectory was omitted, disappeared behind the first screen and an identical object showed up after a delay
those familiarized with the continuous movement looked longer at the two objects and the other way around

45
Q

width of the screen experiment

A

at 7 and 9 months - shown a moving object event in which an object disappeared behind a screen and a different one emerged from the other side
looked longer when the screen was too narrow for both objects

46
Q

subitising

A

the ability to perceive directly the number of items without consciously counting them or using another form of calculation

47
Q

subitising experiment in infants

A

habituated 4 to 7 month old infants to patterns of certain number of dots (2 or 3) and then tested for dishabituation to the other number and a large number condition - dishabituated to the number change

48
Q

hand moving objects experiment

A

infants at 4 and 5 months presented with a single object, a screen hid it, a hand appeared with a second object and placed it behind the screen or took one away if there was 2 in the beginning- looked longer at what wasn’t expected
also looked longer when presented with 1+1 but got 3 objects

49
Q

will infants look for an object under a transparent cup

A

yes, even if they failed when the cup wasn’t transparent - only problem is when one object conceals another, difficulty understanding the relationship between the object and the occlude

50
Q

response perseveration

A

repeating a previously learned response usually when it’s no longer appropriate

51
Q

memory theory for A not B

A

infants rarely made errors if they were allowed to look for the object immediately at B - interference occurred between memory of the object at the first location and memory of it at the second location

52
Q

problem with the memory theory for A not B

A

errors occurred even when the object was fully in view at the B location + errors when the object was placed under a transparent cover at B

53
Q

A as a container explanation

A

infants might be exploring place A for further objects - treat A as a container

54
Q

dogs vs wolves A not B (why does this exist)

A

wolves didn’t make errors on B trials but dogs did in communicative conditions, improved in non-communicative conditions

55
Q

attention A not B theory

A

when attention is distracted during the delay, perseveration behaviors increased
longer looks and larger % of time spent looking during a focal attention task correlated with success on the AB task

56
Q

connection between A not B and SES

A

low SES - delayed development on the task, high SES - higher overall attention, greater increases in attention to complex stimuli

57
Q

frontal cortex

A

involved in emotional experiences and many cognitive abilities

58
Q

executive functions

A

the process whereby behavior is directed and controlled in order that the desired goal will be achieved

59
Q

AB task and EEG activation

A

association, but difficult because infant movements can interfere with EEG
resting EEG might not be valid - maybe those with lower resting activity show a larger increase in activation

60
Q

did infants who made AB errors show evidence of knowing where the object was

A

yes, looked longer

developmental psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions