Chapter 5 Reeve

Question 1

extrinsic motivation arises from…

Answer 1

environmental incentives/consequences
ex.) money, praise, attention, stickers, privileges, approval

Question 2

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 2

the process by which one learns how to opperate effectively in the environment

Question 3

who were baldwin and baldwin?

Answer 3

came up with the S:R=C model
s-situational cue
r=response
c=consequence

Question 4

what is an incentive?

Answer 4

an environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from a particular course of action

Question 5

incentives always precede

Answer 5

behavior

Question 6

what are some examples of positive incentives?

Answer 6

-smile
-nice smell
-presence of friends
-envelope of $

Question 7

examples of negative incentives?

Answer 7

-a grimace
-a spoiled smell
-presence of enemies
-envelope of junk

Question 8

the value of an incentive is learned through…

Answer 8

experience

Question 9

what is a reinforcer?

Answer 9

any environmental object or event that increases behavior

Question 10

what is an example of a reinforcer?

Answer 10

a paycheck,, you get a paycheck for going to work and that paycheck keeps you coming to work

Question 11

what are the 6 reasons reinforcers increase behavior?

Answer 11

1. decreases drive
2. decreases arousal
3. increases arousal
4. attractive to the person
5. feels good
6. makes it possible to do something fun

Question 12

what was the orthodontic gear experiment and what does it tell us about reinforcers?

Answer 12

children were incentivized to wear their orthodontic gear with reinforcers

1. reinforcers vary in quality ($ worked better than praise)
2. the immediacy at which a reinforcer is delivered partly determines its effectiveness (if the child was given the money faster it changed the behavior more than the delayed gratification)

Question 13

what are the 3 types of consequences?

Answer 13

-positive reinforcers
-negative reinforcers
-punishers

Question 14

what is a positive reinforcer?

Answer 14

any environmental stimulus that when present increases future probability of desired behavior
ex.) paycheck, trophy, approval

Question 15

what is a negative reinforcer?

Answer 15

any environmental stimulus that when removed, increases the future probability of desired behavior
ex.) alarm clock, headache meds

Question 16

what is a reward?

Answer 16

any offering from one person to another in exchange for service or achievement

Question 17

what sis a punisher?

Answer 17

any environmental stimulus that when present, decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior
ex.) criticism , jail time, public ridicule

Question 18

what is response cost?

Answer 18

suppresses behavior by imposing the cost of losing something attractive if one is to engage in an undesirable behavior
ex.) parking ticket

Question 19

do punishers work?

Answer 19

not really, they have some short term benefits bit some really ugly long term side effects

Question 20

what is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 20

the inherent desire to seek out novelty and challenge, to explore and investigate, and to stretch and extend ones capacities

Question 21

when intrinsically motivated, the task a person completes provides a steady stream of opportunities to feel….

Answer 21

autonomous, competent, and related to others

Question 22

what happens when an individual starts to receive an extrinsic reward for an previously intrinsically motivated activity?

Answer 22

the extrinsic reward typically undermines the intrinsic motivation

Question 23

what are the intended and unintended effects of extrinsic reward?

Answer 23

intended: promote compliance

unintended:
-undermines intrinsic motivation
-interferes with the quality and process of learning
-interferes with the capacity for autonomous self regulation (reward dependency)

Question 24

rewards only decrease intrinsic motivation when the reward is…..

Answer 24

expected and tangible

Question 25

what is the cogtinitve evaluation theory?

Answer 25

extrinsic motivators function as a means to control behavior but also communicate competence at a tast asserts all external events have both a controlling and competence based aspect

Question 26

what are the 3 propositions of SCT?

Answer 26

1. external events that offer a choice or have a perceived locus of causality promote autonomy and intrinsic motivation. External events that offer a reward or promote an external locus of causality decrease causality and promote extrinsic motivation 2. external events that increase perceived competence promote intrinsic motivation, whereas events that decrease competence undermine it 3. the relative salience of if an event is mostly controlling or mostly informational determines it's impact on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Question 27

what are the 4 types of intrinsic motivation?

Answer 27

1. external regulation 2. introjected regulation 3. identified regulation 4. integrated regulation

Question 28

what is external regulation?

Answer 28

the presence v. absence of external motivators regulated the rise and fall of motivation (creates difficulty when beginning a task)

Question 29

what is introjected regulation?

Answer 29

the partial or incomplete taking in of outside beliefs or regulation the individual rewards or punishers herself based on the behavior (I feel proud/I feel guilty) individual feels a sense of tension or pressure when carrying out the introjeted motivated behavior

Question 30

what is identified regulation?

Answer 30

mostly internalized and autonomous extrinsic motivation, the individual voluntarily accepts the external belief or behavior because they view it as important -the motivation is extrinsic but is freely chosen ie) exercising or driving an electric car

Question 31

what is integrated regulation?

Answer 31

the most autonomous form of extrinsic regulation the individuals fully transform the identified values or behavior into their sense of self

Question 32

what is internalization?

Answer 32

the process by which an individual transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation (aka a rule) into an internally endorsed one

Question 33

what is socialization/acquisition?

Answer 33

"taking in" a value, behavior, or regulation prescribed by others

Question 34

what is integration:

Answer 34

further transformation of these internalized values behaviors and regulations into the persons sense of self to the point that they arise/emmanante from the self the value, behavior, and regulations are generated by the person and not the environment

Question 35

what is explanatory rationale?

Answer 35

a verbal explanation as to why putting forth effort during the otherwise boring activity is personally beneficial or important ex.) a parent explains why we need to rake the leaves so that trick or treaters can come to the front door

Question 36

why is explanatory rationale important?

Answer 36

can spark valuing, identified regulation, internalization, and personal acceptance

Question 37

what are interest enhancing strategies?

Answer 37

"a boring task doesn't have to be boring" ex.) setting a goal, embedding activity in a game, adding stimulation(playing musing)

Question 38

what is amotivation?

Answer 38

"without motivation" when an individual turns passive, gets overwhelmed, or lacks purpose

Question 39

when does an individual typically experience amotivation?

Answer 39

when there is a lac of competence, autonomy, and or relatedness