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BS453: Physiology > Chapter 5: Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

protrusions in the nasal cavity

A

nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

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2
Q

upper respiratory system is composed of

A

nose, pharynx, paranasal sinus

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3
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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4
Q

the () of the upper respiratory system is involved in both food intake and air intake

A

pharynx

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5
Q

group of 4 paired air-filled sinuses that surround the nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses

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6
Q

paranasal sinuses located above the eyes

A

frontal sinuses (frontal bone)

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7
Q

paranasal sinuses located behind the eyes

A

sphenoidal sinuses (sphenoid bone)

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8
Q

paranasal sinuses located under the eyes

A

maxillary sinuses (maxilla, bony palate)

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9
Q

paranasal sinuses located between the eyes

A

ethmoidal sinuses (ethmoid bone)

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10
Q

inflammation in the paranasal sinuses

A

sinusitis

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11
Q

common colds are caused by the ff. viruses

A
  1. rhinovirus
  2. coronavirus
  3. respiratory syncytial virus (SRV)
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12
Q

() can be used in early stage of influenza infection for treatment

A

tamiflu

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13
Q

tylenol ingredient: pain reliever and antipyretic

A

acetaminophen

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14
Q

tylenol ingredient: adrenergic beta2 receptor agonist -> nasal decongestant

A
  1. in US: phenylephrine HCl
  2. in Korea: Pseudoephedrine HCl
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15
Q

tylenol ingredient: cough suppressant

A

dextromethorphan HBr

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16
Q

tylenol ingredient (night-time only): 1st gen antihistamine for rhinorrhea and sneezing

A
  1. US: doxylamine succinate
  2. Korea: chlorpheniramine maleate
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17
Q

conducting zone of lower respiratory system

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachaea
  3. bronchi (up to terminal bronchioles only)
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18
Q

the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system starts from the ()

A

respiratory bronchioles

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19
Q

in the lung, pulmonary circulation vessels are located in the ()

A

hilum

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20
Q

connects respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

A

alveolar ducts

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21
Q

gas exchange occurs in alveolar ()

A

epithelium

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22
Q

inner surface of alveoli is coated with surfactant produced by ()

A

type II pneumocytes

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23
Q

surfactants prevent alveolar collapse by ()

A

decreasing surface tension

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24
Q

(1) is caused by the underdevelopment of type II pneumocytes in premature babies of gestational age (2)

A
  1. neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
  2. less than 37 weeks
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25
Q

amount of air intake in deep inhale; roughly 3L

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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26
Q

amount of air intake in regular breath

A

tidal volume (VT)

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27
Q

remaining volume in respiratory system after forced exhalation

A

forced vital capacity (FVC)

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28
Q

volume of air in conducting airways -> does not participate in gas exchange

A

anatomical dead space

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29
Q

total volume of airways and lungs that don’t participate in gas exchange; includes a functional dead space in alveoli

A

physiological dead space

30
Q

a nonzero value of dead space represents

A

amount of “wasted” ventilation

31
Q

total rate of air movement into and out of lungs

A

minute ventilation

32
Q

minute ventilation corrected for physiologic dead space

A

alveolar ventilation

33
Q

increased ventilation rates cause decrease in (), which may cause light-headedness and fainting

A

[CO2] in blood (more O2 is brought in, washing out CO2 and leading to decrease in PCO2)

34
Q

why is the relationship between alveolar ventilation and PCO2 inversely proportional

A

the higher the alveolar ventilation, the more CO2 is pulled from blood -> lower PaCO2 and PACO2

35
Q

why is FEV1 decreased in obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

increased compliance means it’s harder to breathe out

36
Q

obstructive pulmonary diseases are characterized by ()

A

decreased FEV1/FVC (decrease in FEV1 is larger than decrease in FVC)

37
Q

restrictive pulmonary diseases are characterized by ()

A

increased or same (but with lower FEV1 and FVC) FEV1/FVC

38
Q

why would FEV1 increase in restrictive pulmonary disease

A

decreased compliance -> harder to breath in (less air in lungs to begin with)

39
Q

the ff muscles contract during inspiration

A
  1. external intercostal muscles
  2. diaphragm
40
Q

the () contract to either raise or lower sternum and ribs

A

internal and external intercostal muscles

41
Q

from the alveolar ventilation equation, if CO2 production is constant, then ()

A

PACO2 is determined by alveolar ventilation

42
Q

from the alveolar ventilation equation, arterial PCO2 equals the alveolar PCO2 because ()

A

CO2 always equilibrates between pulmonary capillary blood and alveolar gas

43
Q

physiologic dead space is calculated from

A
  1. VT
  2. CO2 in expired air
  3. CO2 in arterial blood (=CO2 in alveolus)
44
Q

combined action of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in increase in ()

A

intrathoracic volume

45
Q

at the end of () is the most comfortable for the muscles of the respiratory system

A

expiration

46
Q

during forced expiration, the ff muscles contract to force air out of respiratory system

A
  1. internal intercostal muscles
  2. transversus thoracis muscle
47
Q

indication of distensibility -> how easily the lung expands

A

compliance

48
Q

factors affecting compliance

A
  1. connective tissue structure of lungs
  2. level of surfactant production (inversely proportional to surface tension)
  3. mobility of thoracic cage
49
Q

intrapleural pressure must be () than intrapulmonary pressure to allow lung expansion

A

less

50
Q

phenomenon where slopes of the relationships for inspiration and expiration are different

A

hysteresis

51
Q

hysteresis is mainly due to presence of ()

A

surface tension

52
Q

negative intrapleural pressure is created by 2 opposing forces

A
  1. elastic properties of lung - tendency to collapse
  2. elastic properties of chest wall - tendency to expand/spring out
53
Q

caused by injury to chest wall that penetrates parietal pleura OR rupture of alveoli that breaks through visceral pleura

A

pneumothorax

54
Q

why does pneumothorax cause difficulty breathing

A

air accumulated in pleural cavity -> liquid bond between pleural layers breaks -> elastic fibers of lungs are allowed to recoil

55
Q

term for collapsed lung

A

atelectasis

56
Q

when volume in the lung is greater than FRC:

A
  • lung and chest wall system wants to collapse
  • lung compliance dominates
57
Q

when volume in lung is less than FRC:

A
  • lung and chest wall system wants to expand
  • chest wall compliance dominates
58
Q

disease characterized by increased lung compliance and caused by loss of elastic fibers in the lungs

A

emphysema

59
Q

emphysema is a component of ()

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

60
Q

in a patient with emphysema, (1) > (2), which results in (increased/decreased) FRC

A
  1. tendency to expand
  2. tendency to collapse
  3. increased
61
Q

disease associated with stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance

A

pulmonary fibrosis

62
Q

in a patient with pulmonary fibrosis, (1) > (2), resulting in (increased/decreased) FRC

A
  1. tendency to collapse
  2. tendency to expand
  3. decreased
63
Q

Law of Laplace: collapsing pressure on alveolus is:

A
  1. directly proportional to surface tension of liquid lining on alveolus
  2. inversely proportional to alveolar radius
64
Q

the Law of Laplace points out that surfactant is especially important to ()

A

smaller alveoli (smaller r -> stronger collapsing P)

65
Q

predicts importance of airway radius in determining airway resistance

A

Poiseuille’s Law

66
Q

factors that affect airway resistance

A
  1. autonomic nervous system stimulation
  2. lung volume
  3. viscosity of inspired air
67
Q

parasympathetic stimulation of muscarinic receptors in lung results in ()

A

bronchconstriction

68
Q

sympathetic stimulation of adrenergic beta2 receptors in the lung results in ()

A

bronchodilation

69
Q

decreased lung volume results in (increased/decreased) airway resistance due to (2)

A
  1. increased
  2. interdependence of alveoli
70
Q

interdependence of alveoli causes alveoli to hold their neighbors open by:

A
  1. traction
  2. mechanical tethering
71
Q

alveolar pressure is (positive/negative) during inspiration -> helps (2)

A
  1. negative
  2. draw air in
72
Q

contraction of expiratory muscles during forced expiration causes intrapleural pressure to become ()

A

less negative (positive in normal individual)

BS453: Physiology (6 decks)

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