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BS453: Physiology > Chapter 9: Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

classes of hormones

A

amine, peptide, steroid

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2
Q

amine hormones

A
  1. catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
  2. thyroid hormones (thyroxine, T4)
  3. melatonin
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3
Q

amine hormones are amino acid (2) derivatives

A
  1. tyrosine (catecholamines, thyroid)
  2. tryptophan (melatonin)
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4
Q

steroid hormones are () derivatives

A

lipid

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5
Q

2 main classes of steroid hormones

A
  1. eicosanoids
  2. steroid hormones
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6
Q

eicosanoids are lipid derivatives of ()

A

arachidonic acid

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7
Q

steroid hormones are structurally similar to ()

A

cholesterol

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8
Q

anterior and posterior pituitary glands are separated by ()

A

pars intermedia

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9
Q

the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system has capillary networks in the ()

A

median eminence

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10
Q

summary of hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

hypophyseal artery -> capillary networks (median eminence) -> hypophyseal portal vein -> capillary networks (aka sinuses; anterior pituitary endocrine cells) -> hypophyseal vein

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11
Q

pair releasing hormones with secreting hormones:
- thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): (1)
- corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): (2)
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): (3)

A
  1. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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12
Q

growth hormone secretion from anterior pituitary is bidirectionally regulated by (1) and (2); both go to the liver and work by the action of (3)

A
  1. growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) ++
  2. somatostatin (SRIF) –
  3. somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors, IGFs)
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13
Q

actions of growth hormone

A
  1. diabetogenic or anti-insuling effects
  2. increased protein synthesis/organ growth
  3. increased linear growth
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14
Q

2 outcomes of too much growth hormone secretion

A
  1. gigantism (tall stature)
  2. acromegaly (normal stature, enlarged extremities and facial features)
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15
Q

hormones mediating prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary

A
  1. dopamine (–)
  2. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (++)
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16
Q

actions of prolactin

A
  1. breast development
  2. milk prduction
  3. inhibition of ovulation
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17
Q

(1) is the muscular part of the uterus, which is lined with (2)

A
  1. myometrium
  2. endometrium
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18
Q

size of endometrium increases and decreases depending on ()

A

menstrual cycle

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19
Q

ovarian follicle maturation requires (1) -> follicle becomes (2)

A
  1. FSH and LH
  2. corpus luteum
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20
Q

FSH and LH rapidly increase when?

A

just before ovulation

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21
Q

through the action of FSH, ovarian follicle produces ()

A

estradiol

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22
Q

once a follicle becomes the corpus luteum, it then produces ()

A

progesterone

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23
Q

(1) from anterior pituitary stimulates (2) cells to release testosterone

A
  1. LH
  2. Leydig
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24
Q

(1) from anterior pituitary stimulates (2) cells to perform spermatogenesis

A
  1. FSH
  2. Sertoli
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24
Q

major functions of testosterone

A
  1. expression of male secondary sex characteristics
  2. stimulates Sertoli cells
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25
Q

Sertoli cells also produce () that serves as negative feedback towards anterior pituitary

A

inhibin

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26
Q

zones of the adrenal gland and their secretions

A
  1. zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
  2. zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids
  3. zona reticularis: androgens
  4. medulla: catecholamines
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27
Q

actions of glucocorticoids may result in (disease)-like state

A

diabetes (increase blood glucose and keep it that way, metabolize proteins and lipids); also decrease insulin sensitivity

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28
Q

effect of glucocorticoids on immune response

A

suppress immune response and inhibit inflammatory response

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29
Q

how do glucocorticoids inhibit inflammation

A

stabilizing lysosomes

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30
Q

most potent anti-inflammatory agents available in clinic

A

glucocorticoids

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31
Q

examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A

aspirin, tylenol

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32
Q

drawback in using corticosteroids as anti-inflammatory agents

A

enhance vascular responsiveness to catecholamines -> likely to cause hypertension

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33
Q

other actions of glucocorticoids

A

increase GFR, decrease REM sleep

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34
Q

action of mineralocorticoids

A

increase Na+ reabsorption
increase K+ and H+ secretion

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35
Q

actions of adrenal androgens in females

A

stimulate pubic and axillary hair growth, as well as libido

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36
Q

actions of adrenal androgens in males

A

same as testosterone

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37
Q

Cushing’s syndrome can occur from multiple causes

A
  1. adenomas of anterior pituitary
  2. abnormal function of the hypothalamus -> high levels of CRH
  3. ectopic secretion by a tumor somewhere else in the body
  4. adenomas of the adrenal cortex
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38
Q

differentiate Cushing’s syndrome vs Cushing’s disease

A

Cushing’s disease is a specific type of Cushing’s syndrome

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39
Q

Cushing’s disease is mainly caused by ()

A

too much cortisol secretion

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40
Q

common factor of all possible Cushing’s syndrome causes

A

excessive ACTH secretion

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41
Q

nowadays most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome is ()

A

iatrogenic (caused by medicine/doctors)

42
Q

disease caused by primary adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Addison Disease

43
Q

main divisions of the thyroid gland

A

left and right lobe; isthmus

44
Q

specific place of thyroid hormone production

A

thyroid follicle

45
Q

C cells in the thyroid produce ()

A

calcitonin

46
Q

most important building blocks of thyroid hormones

A

tyrosine and iodide (I-)

47
Q

glycoprotein produced in rough ER and Golgi of thyroid follicle cells -> needed to produce thyroid hormone

A

thyroglobulin

48
Q

monoiodotyrosine (MIT) + diiodotyrosine (DIT) = ()

A

T3

49
Q

diiodotyrosine (DIT) + diiodotyrosine (DIT) = ()

A

T4

50
Q

(T3/T4) is produced much faster than the other -> has higher concentrations

A

T4

51
Q

main inhibitor of thyroid hormone secretion

A

propylthiouracil (PTU)

52
Q

(1) is the major secretory product of the thyroid gland, but (2) is the more active form

A
  1. thyroxine (T4)
  2. triiodothyronine (T3)
53
Q

in target tissues, () converts T4 to T3

A

5’ iodinase

54
Q

Grave’s disease is a form of ()

A

hyperthyroidism

55
Q

other terms for anti-diuretic hormone

A

vasopressin, arginine vasopresssin

56
Q

ADH is synthesized in () of hypothalamus

A

supraoptic nucleus (SON)

57
Q

oxytocin is synthesized in () of hypothalamus

A

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

58
Q

ADH and oxytocin are examples of () hormones

A

peptide

59
Q

SON and PVN have axon projections towards (), which is where ADH and oxytocin are released

A

posterior pituitary

60
Q

ADH function in kidney is to stimulate (1) in the collecting duct -> control (2)

A
  1. water reabsorption
  2. plasma osmolarity
61
Q

() is sensed by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus; most important physiologic stimulus for ADH secretion

A

increased plasma osmolarity

62
Q

() is sensed by baroreceptors in left atrium, aortic arch, and carotid sinus -> stimulates ADH release in response to decreased blood pressure in blood vessels

A

hypovolemia

63
Q

actions of ADH

A
  1. increase in water permeability (major action)
  2. contraction of vascular smooth muscle
64
Q

increase in water permeability by ADH is mediated by (1) receptors -> mainly due to insertion of (2) in luminal membranes

A
  1. V2
  2. aquaporin 2 (AQP)
65
Q

major stimulus for oxytocin secretion is ()

A

suckling of the breast

66
Q

(1) pancreas: 99% of pancreatic volume, secrets digestive enzymes
(2) pancreas: pancreatic islet

A
  1. Exocrine
  2. Endocrine
67
Q

hormones in the endocrine pancreas:

  • alpha cells produce (1)
  • beta cells produce (2)
  • delta cells produce (3)
A
  1. glucagon
  2. insulin
  3. somatostatin
68
Q

in the synthesis of insulin, (1) is cleaved in the Golgi apparatus of pancreatic beta cells to form (2)

A
  1. proinsulin
  2. C peptide (connecting peptide) and insulin (A and B chains)
69
Q

A and B chains in insulin are connected by ()

A

disulfide bonds

70
Q

why is measuring C peptide levels more accurate and preferred when measuring the level of naturally-produced insulin production in type 1 diabetic patients?

A

treatment for diabetes includes injection of insulin into bloodstream -> insulin levels include exogenous insulin while C peptide is endogenous

71
Q

actions of () drugs work to increase insulin secretion by blocking ATP-gated K+ channels

A

sulfonylurea (e.g. glyburide, tolbutamide)

72
Q

major effect of insulin is to ()

A

increase glucose uptake into cells (specifically skeletal muscle, brain, liver)

73
Q

the () is the major site of ketone body production

A

liver

74
Q

ketone body production is especially important during (1), when ketone bodies are the (2)

A
  1. starvation
  2. predominant fuel
75
Q

ketone bodies are transported from liver () into blood by transport proteins and are delivered to other tissues (e.g. heart, kidney, brain)

A

mitochondria

76
Q

in the absence of insulin, excess ketone bodies are formed and released into the blood

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

77
Q

glucose appears in urine and blood glucose levels is increased

A

diabetes mellitus

78
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by ()

A

insufficient insulin secretion (insulin-dependent DM)

79
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by ()

A

insulin resistance (non-insulin-dependent DM)

80
Q

examples of life-threatening complications due to diabetes

A

diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

81
Q

complications due to diabetes are mostly caused by ()

A

blood clots in small vessels because blood is too viscous

82
Q

actions of glucagon

A

increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketoacid formation

83
Q

glucagon is released in responseto (increased/decreased) blood glucose

A

decreased

84
Q

() is the only form of biologically active Ca2+

A

free, ionized Ca2+

85
Q

hormone synthesized in the kidney in response to PTH; promotes Ca2+ and phosphate absorption from Gut

A

calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)

86
Q

2 hormones that work antagonistically for the reabsorption of Ca2+ from kidney filtrate, as well as bone resorption

A

PTH (+reabsorp), calcitonin (-reabsorp)

87
Q

major effect of calcitonin is to ()

A

reduce bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts

88
Q

() is converted via an intermediate form to calcitriol, which is the active form

A

cholecalciferol (vit. D3)

89
Q

() is a hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow -> treatment for patients with chronic kidney failure need this in supplements

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

90
Q

() is a hormone released by the kidney that starts an enzymatic cascade that contributes to elevating blood pressure

A

renin

91
Q

renin starts an enzymatic cascade known as ()

A

renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

92
Q

angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

93
Q

() is a hormone synthesized and released from adipose tissue; binds to () receptors expressed by hypothalamic (and many other) neurons and works to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure

A

leptin

94
Q

in the hypothalamus, leptin stimulates () neurons -> feel satiated and appetite is suppressed

A

POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) neuron

95
Q

in the hypothalamus, leptin inhibits () neurons, which increase hunger and appetite

A

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neuron

96
Q

major downstream targets of POMC and AgRP neuron are () -> mediate appetite suppressing/increasing effect of these peptides

A

melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R)

97
Q

all ACTH, MSHs and beta-lipoprotein are from the pre-protein called (1), which is cleaved by (1)

A
  1. pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
  2. prohormone covertases 1 and 2 (PC1/2)
98
Q

AgRP and () neurons are identical in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

99
Q

the () consists of the POMC, alpha-MSH and MC4Rs

A

central melanocortin pathway/satiety circuit

100
Q

satiety circuit starts with POMC releasing () for MC4Rs

A

alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

101
Q

activation of satiety circuit suppresses insulin secretion by () in parasympathetic NS

A

opening K-ATP channels

101
Q

() channels work to burn fat by the stimulation of MC4Rs

A

TRPV1

BS453: Physiology (6 decks)

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