Chapter 5 Short Term Memory Flashcards
(56 cards)
Tolman
-proposed cognitive map is being produced based on experiment with rats that choose the correct path to the reward right away
Sensory Memory
where we get information coming in about attention & where we need to focus (environment, attention, perception)
-Incremental (we are able to change it somehow)
Short Term Memory
Can be kept there with storage rehearsal (pattern recognition, maintenance, storage rehearsal)
Until how long after can sensory memory be changed?
75ms
The partial report technique
- use matrix of 3 row with 4 letters
- start with white card and fixation point,show stimulus card for 50ms white card for varied amount of time, bar marker for 50ms.
- identify the letter that was at the bar marker
- how much we can keep in mind depends on what method is used.
- shows that it is difficult to answer the capacity question therefore we need to shift to the processing model
Masking
have a bar marker people remember the letter better
-with a white circle people tend to remember the circle and not the letter
Method- letter array 50ms white blank field 50 to 200ms bar or circle marker 50ms then blank field
Angry Face Study
- present angry face for 30s
- present calm face right after
- brain recognizes the angry face and the amygdala lights up for unconscious
- male and females process emotion on different sides of the brain
Echoic Memory
auditory sensory memory
- listen to things sequentially
- takes long to fill and therefore lasts longer than iconic memory!
Avant and Lydell how long was stimulus there for study
-all stimuli presented for 50ms
IV- varied stimuli
3 levels- 1. 3 letter word
2. CCC- consonant trigram
3. single letter
DV- asked how long the stimulus was “on” for.
Results- 3 letter word=shortest (familiarity)
Letter 2nd
CCC=longest
-WE CANNOT COME UP WITH A DEFINITIVE ANSWER FOR LENTH OF ICONIC MEMORY
To be remembered material use-
verbal- word lists, sentences, paragraphs
images phenomenally good memory for images
other senses (any) sounds, patterns, feelings
Target
verbal
images
other senses
Testing Memory
recall- short answer test
recognition- multiple choice, given alternatives , must choose target
operation definition
- definition of the criteria for measuring the response scoring ex) target sentence and then response (seeing how accurate memory is)
short term memory
immediate memory
primary memory
working memory
Memory
the mental process of retaining information for later use and retrieving such information and the mental storage system that allows this retention and retrieval
Savings
Phase 1- learn to a criterion (5 times to get perfect)
Phase 2- how long does it take to do task again?
Group 1- Instructions you’ll be asked to recall this later (intentional)
Group 2- thanks for participating (incidental group)
-do groups know it is a memory test when they do the actual recall?
explicit test
participants are aware of the memory test while they are doing it
implicit test
participants are unaware of the memory test
Peterson & Peterson CCc no rehursal
-prevention of rehearsal
1. Subjects given CCC
2. subjects count backwards by 3
3. after 3,6,9,12,15, or 18s (spent counting) have elapsed subjects are signalled to stop and recall the CCC
IV- recall interval- 6 levels
3s about 50% 18s about <10%
18-30s of short term memory duration
Murdock replication of Peterson and Peterson
IV 1) TIme elapsed
2) target material (CCC, 3 words, 1 word)
people did better with 3 words than CCC
*Evidence of familiarity
How long does short term memory last?
- it depends on the nature of the stimuli
- problems with duration with the box model
Questions with box model
- Storage Capacity
- Duration
- Representation Code?
Serial Position Curve
read list of words and then see which word from the order they remember best
(draw graph)
Primacy effect
occurs because the material was said first and has time to be stored in long term memory
