Chapter 5 - The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal Systems Flashcards
After completing this deck, the fitness professional will be able to outline the basic structure and function of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems and identify the effects exercise has on each of those systems. (82 cards)
1
Q
What is another name for a fast-twitch muscle fiber?
A
Type 2 Muscle Fiber
Type 2 muscles tend to have less blood supply and mitochondria than type 1 muscles. They are larger in size but fatigue faster than type 1.
2
Q
What is the functional cell of the nervous system?
A
Neuron
3
Q
What is a sesamoid bone?
A
Small bone imbedded in a joint capsule or membrane of a joint
An example of a sesamoid bone is the patella (or knee cap).
4
Q
Define
Nervous System
A
A group of cells that work together to create a network used for communication within the human body.
For more information about the nervous system and its function, click here!
5
Q
Define
Afferent pathway
A
The sensory pathway that relays information from the body to the central nervous system.
You can remember this by remembering SAME. Sensory is Afferent. Motor is Efferent.
6
Q
True or False
Bone removal occurs faster than bone formation.
A
False.
7
Q
What parts of the body make up the appendicular skeletal system?
A
Upper and lower extremities including the shoulder and pelvic girdle
8
Q
What are the three layers of fascia in a muscle, from superficial to deep?
A
- Epimysium (covers entire muscle)
- Perimysium (covers a fascicle)
- Endomysium (Covers a muscle fiber)
9
Q
Why is elastin found in ligaments?
A
To provide flexibility and elastic recoil
10
Q
80% of joints in the body are what kind of joint?
A
Synovial.
11
Q
Define
Motor Function
A
The ability of the nervous system to respond to changes in the environment, both internally and externally.
Motor is also known as efferent.
12
Q
The autonomic nervous system can be split into what two divisions?
A
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
13
Q
What are the largest vertebrae in the vertebral column?
A
Lumbar.
The 5 lumbar vertebrae are the last of the vertebrae and are responsible for supporting most of the body weight.
14
Q
What are some of the different kinds of processes in the skeletal system?
A
- Process
- Condyle: forms the attachment points for the knee joint and can be found on the bottom of the femur and the top of the tibia
- Epicondyle: forms the attachment points for the elbow joint and can be found at the bottom of the humerus
- Tubercle: form the attachment points for the shoulder and are found at the top of the humerus
- Trochanter: form the attachment points for the hip joint and are found at the top of the femur
15
Q
What is the functional unit of the muscular system?
A
Sarcomere
16
Q
Several myofibrils together will form what?
A
A Muscle fiber
17
Q
True or False
Bones are alive.
A
True.
Bone is made of both living and nonliving materials.
18
Q
What are the steps in an excitation-contraction coupling?
A
- Nerve impulse begins in the CNS and travels down the neuron to the neuromuscular junction
- Acetylcholine is released and crosses the synapse and reaches the muscle
- The nerve impulse travels to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and causes a release of calcium
- Calcium stimulates a chain of events that results in the myosin heads attaching to actin
- Myosin head pulls on actin and then releases and repeats, causing a shortening of the sarcomere and the shortening of a muscle.
For more information, click here!!
19
Q
What neurotransmitter is used to initiate a muscle contraction?
A
Acetylcholine
20
Q
Define
Mechanoreceptor
A
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces, such as touch and pressure.
21
Q
Define
Motor unit
A
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates with.
22
Q
Define
Epiphysis
A
The ends of a long bone
23
Q
What are the classifications of synovial joints?
A
- Gliding (ex. wrist)
- Condyloid (ex. fingers)
- Hinge (ex. elbow)
- Saddle (ex. thumb)
- Pivot (ex. neck)
- Ball and Socket (ex. shoulder)
24
Q
What is the scientific name for a mature bone cell?
A
Osteocyte
25
What are some characteristics of a long bone?
* Long cylindrical shaft
* Irregular shaped and wide ends
## Footnote
*Examples of long bones include the fibula or femur.*
26
What is the functional cell of the **nervous** system called?
Neuron
## Footnote
*Neurons process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.*
27
What are the two protein structures that block actin and myosin from attaching while a muscle is at rest?
Troponin and tropomyosin
28
What are the three main parts of a **neuron**?
1. Cell body (that contains the nucleus and other organelles)
2. Axon (responsible for sending messages)
3. Dendrites (responsible for receiving messages)
29
Several sarcomeres together will form what?
A Myofibril
30
# Define
Epiphyseal Plate
The area connecting the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone.
## Footnote
*Another name for the epiphyseal plate is the growth plate.*
31
What is another name for the human movement system?
Kinetic chain
32
What are the four main kinds of sensory receptors?
1. Mechanoreceptors: respond to touch or pressure
2. Nociceptors: respond to pain
3. Chemoreceptors: respond to chemical interactions
4. Photoreceptors: respond to light
33
Why is it important that a fitness professional have an understanding of anatomy and physiology?
* Administer an accurate fitness assessment
* Program safe exercises
* Answer any questions the client may have regarding the fitness program
34
# Define
Wolff's Law
New bone growth occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone
35
Muscle fibers are made of several myofibrils put together. **Inside** of myofibrils, ________ are located which are the actual contractile units of a muscle.
Myofilaments
## Footnote
*There are two major myofilaments - actin and myosin.*
36
What are the two main principles in the sliding filament theory?
* A sarcomere shortens as a result of Z-lines coming closer together
* Z-lines converge as a result of myosin attaching to actin and pulling actin across the myosin, resulting in a shortening of a muscle fiber
37
Adolescent maturation of the CNS is dependent on what factors?
* Heredity
* Environment
* Prenatal and postnatal injury
* Nutrition
* Sleep patterns
* Medications
* Surgical intervention early in childhood
## Footnote
*The adolescent brain is considered mature around the age of 25.*
38
What division of the autonomic nervous system controls reflexes associated with "rest and digest"?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
## Footnote
*During the rest and digest function of the nervous system, heart rate and breathing rate will decrease and digestion rate will increase. All of these functions are involuntary.*
39
What is the function of osteoblasts in the skeletal system?
To build bone
40
What are some factors that affect peak bone mass?
* Environment
* Diet
* Hormones
* Lifestyle
* Physical activity
* Genetics
41
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
* Produce movement
* Support the skeletal system
* Assist with homeostasis by producing heat
42
# True or False
Weight lifting is **not** safe for children.
False.
## Footnote
*Weight lifting is perfectly safe as long as the program is properly designed. Most injury to children while weight lifting is due to misuse of equipment, improper technique, inappropriate amounts of weight, or lack of qualified adult supervision.*
43
# Define
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue which surrounds individual muscle fibers.
## Footnote
*A muscle fiber is also called a muscle cell. Several muscle fibers together create a muscle fascicle.*
44
# Define
Medullary Cavity
Central cavity of the bone where you can find bone marrow.
## Footnote
*There are two types of bone marrow - red and yellow. Yellow bone marrow is made of fat. Red bone marrow is the site of red blood cell creation.*
45
Can nonsynovial joints move?
Yes, but only slightly.
## Footnote
*Some examples of nonsynovial joints include the joint between the sternum and the ribs or the sutures of the skull.*
46
# True or False
Weight-bearing exercise, such as running, is bad for the joints and for bone mass.
False.
## Footnote
*Weight-bearing exercises will improve bone mass, bone strength, and will reduce the risk of falls in older adults.*
47
What part of the PNS controls **voluntary** movements?
Somatic Nervous System
48
What law states that an entire motor unit will contract maximally or not at all?
All or Nothing Law
49
Why is there a cognitive decline as the body gets older?
* Neurotransmitters decline by about 10% after early adulthood (around age 30)
* Weight of the brain declines 5% per decade after age 40
* Neurocognitive issues are more prevalent after age 65
## Footnote
*One of the best ways to counter the decline in cognitive ability is to stay physically active.*
50
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
1. Provide sensory information from the rest of the body to the brain
2. Relay information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
51
Several muscle fibers together will form what?
A fascicle.
52
# Define
Efferent pathway
Motor pathway that relays information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
## Footnote
*You can remember this by remembering SAME. Sensory is Afferent. Motor is Efferent.*
53
At what age is total peak bone mass achieved?
Approximately 30 years old.
54
Training the body's proprioceptive abilities can result in what?
* Improved balance
* Improved coordination
* Improved posture
* The ability of the body to adapt to its surroundings without thinking about what movement is most appropriate for any given situation.
55
What are the two most common kinds of depressions in bones?
* Fossa: *an indented part of bone*
* Sulcus: *a deep channel in a bone used for soft tissue attachments*
56
Most of the photoreceptors in the body are located in what organ?
Eyes.
## Footnote
*Photoreceptors respond to light. This process is used by the eyes for vision.*
57
The human movement system is comprised of what three organ systems?
1. Muscular
2. Skeletal
3. Nervous
58
What is the scientific name for the tailbone?
Coccyx.
59
Activation of the Golgi tendon organ will cause the muscle to do what?
Relax.
## Footnote
*GTOs are sensitive to changes in tension in a muscle. When activated, GTOs will relax the muscle in an effort to prevent injury from excessive stress.*
60
During exercise, what part of the autonomic nervous system will be most active?
Sympathetic
61
# Define
Articular cartilage
The cartilage that covers the ends of the bones.
62
# True or False
Incorrect exercise techniques can lead to a remodeling process that may cause poor posture.
True.
## Footnote
*Wolff's Law that states bones will remodel where they are stressed. If a bone is stressed in an unusual location due to muscle imbalances and improper exercise and joint motions, bone growth will occur in that area which can affect joint movement and posture in the future.*
63
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
## Footnote
*Thoracic vertebrae are the middle vertebrae that articulate with the ribs.*
64
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Synovial fluid is fluid found in synovial joints that is responsible for lubricating the joint and providing nutrition to the joint structures.
65
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
1. Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
66
The **peripheral** nervous system can be split into what two divisions?
* Somatic (voluntary)
* Autonomic (involuntary)
67
What are the functions of the nervous system?
* Provide sensory information to our brain
* Stimulate human movement through muscle contraction
* Keeping the organs functioning properly
## Footnote
*The nervous system is the wiring and operating software within the human machine.*
68
# Define
Fascia
The connective tissue surrounding a muscle
69
What are some characteristics of an irregular bone?
Unique shaped bones that can only be found in that area of the body
## Footnote
*Examples of irregular bones include the bones of the pelvis and/or vertebrae.*
70
What are the two main myofilaments that are located within the myofibril?
* Actin (thin)
* Myosin (thick)
71
What kind of cartilage makes up articular cartilage?
Hyaline
## Footnote
*Hyaline cartilage is high in collagen which is a protein that helps hold the body together yet be flexible. Hyaline is found as articular cartilage as well as in the nose and in the respiratory system.*
72
Can ligaments heal themselves?
No.
## Footnote
*Ligaments have poor vascularity (or blood supply) meaning they cannot heal very well. Because of this, ligaments are slower to adapt to the stresses placed on the joints, such as exercise.*
73
The development of motor skills is broken into what three parts?
1. Stage 1 (cognative)
2. Stage 2 (associative)
3. Stage 3 (autonomous)
74
What are the components of the **peripheral** nervous system?
* 12 cranial nerves
* 31 pairs of spinal nerves
* Sensory receptors.
*All nerves are a part of the peripheral nervous system.*
75
How many cranial nerve **pairs** are there in the human body?
12
## Footnote
*Cranial nerves branch off of the brain and are a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).*
76
What are some characteristics of a flat bone?
* Thin
* Usually used in places needing protection for vital organs such as the heart or brain
## Footnote
*Some examples of flat bones include the ribs and bones of the skull.*
77
Where do the physiological processes of muscle contraction occur?
Myofibril
78
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
## Footnote
*Cervical vertebrae are the vertebrae at the top of the spine. They are used to form a flexible network and provide support and motion for the head.*
79
Several fascicles together will form what?
A muscle
80
What are the most essential electrolytes needed for muscle function?
* Calcium
* Potassium
* Sodium
* Water
81
Another name for a slow-twitch muscle fiber is \_\_\_\_.
Type 1 Muscle Fiber
## Footnote
*Type 1 muscle fibers have more capillaries, more mitochondria, and more myoglobin than type 2 muscle fibers. Therefore, type 1 muscle fibers last longer, get more oxygen, and are slower to fatigue.*
*For more on the different muscle fibers, click [here](http://blog.nasm.org/fitness/fast-twitch-vs-slow-twitch#slow1)!*
82
Bone serve what two functions as it relates to movement?
1. Bones are levers where muscles attach
2. Bones provide support for movement
