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USABO- Campbell Biology > Chapter 5- The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5- The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Buffers

A

Substances that minimize changes in H+ and HO- in a solution.

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2
Q

4 main classes of biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids

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3
Q

Function of Carbohydrates. (List 2)

A

Source of energy, provide structural support

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4
Q

Nucleic Acids- Function

A

Genetic function and information, gene expression

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5
Q

Sugars- Monomers and Polymers

A

Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides

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6
Q

Lipids- Monomers and Polymers

A

Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols

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7
Q

Proteins- Monomers and Polymers

A

Amino Acids, Polypeptides

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8
Q

Nucleic Acids- Monomers and Polymers

A

Nucleotides, Polynucleotides

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9
Q

Sugars- Name of Linkage

A

Glycosidic Linkages

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10
Q

Lipids- Name of Linkage

A

Ester Linkages

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11
Q

Proteins- Name of Linkage

A

Peptide Bonds

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12
Q

Nucleic Acids- Name of Linkage

A

Phosphodiester Linkages

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13
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

Removes a water molecule, forms new bond

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adds a water molecule, breaks down a bond

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15
Q

3 Monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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16
Q

Aldose vs Ketose

A

Aldose: Carbonyl group at the END of the skeleton
Ketose: Carbonyl group in the MIDDLE of the skeleton

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17
Q

Glucose+Glucose=

A

Maltose (1-4 glycosidic linkage)

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18
Q

Glucose+Fructose=

A

Sucrose (1-2 glycosidic linkage)

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19
Q

Alpha glycosidic linkages?

A

“C” shape

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20
Q

Beta glycosidic linkages?

A

“S” shape

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21
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Connects the two carbons between molecules with an oxygen atom in the middle

Occurs with carbohydrates/sugars

(a type of dehydration reaction)

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22
Q

Starch

A

Stores energy in plants

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23
Q

Glycogen

A

Stores energy in animals

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24
Q

Cellulose

A

Makes cell walls, indigestible by humans

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25
What type of linkage can human enzymes not digest?
1-4 Beta Linkages
26
Chitin
Used in anthropod exoskeletons, fungi cell walls
27
3 types of lipids
Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids
28
What type of "polymer" is not actually a polymer?
Lipids
29
Fats chemical structure
Glycerol+fatty acids (with a dehydration reaction)
30
Triacylglycerol
Three fatty acids joined together by an ester linkage
31
Ester linkage
Linkages of lipids. Forms between a carbonyl group (Carbon and oxygen) and an oxygen.
32
Saturated fat
No double bonds in fatty acids chains (straight)
33
Unsaturated fats
Double bonds in fatty acids chains (a little kink, which makes it have a bend)
34
Hydrogenation
Converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
35
Trans fats
Unsaturated fats straightened out using TRANS bonds- VERY UNHEALTHY
36
Function of fats
Energy storage
37
Adipose cells
Where fat is stored in humans and animals. Cushions vital organs, insulates the body
38
Phospholipid
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attatched to glycerol AMPHIPATHIC ## Footnote From bottom to up: Fatty acids, glycerol, phospholipid
39
Cell membranes are made from...
A lipid bilayer of phospholipids
40
Steroids
Carbon skeleton with four fused rings
41
Cholesterol
Component in animal cell membranes
42
Cardiovascular disease is caused by...
High levels of cholesterol
43
Unsaturated fats=fluid or visious?
Fluid
44
Saturated fats=fluid or visious?
Visious
45
Cholesterol function in cell membranes
1: REDUCES membrane fluidity at MODERATE temperatures 2: INCREASES membrane fluidity at LOWER temperatures
46
Amino acids makeup
Amino group (left) Carboxyl group (right) Carbon in the middle, bonded to hydrogen below it Side chain (R Group) bonded to Carbon
47
Amino acids are linked by....
Peptide bonds
48
Polypeptides
Polymers of amino acids
49
Protein
One or more polypeptides | ENORMOUS ## Footnote Not the same as polypeptides
50
Alpha helices breakers
Glycine, Proline
51
Contains rings, UV-light absorbing
Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Phenylalanine
52
Cheese
Tyrosine
53
Sulfur containing
Methionine, Cysteine
54
Forms disulphide bridges (essential to tertiary structure)
Cysteine
55
Precursor of serotine biosynthesis
Tryptophan
56
Primary structure
A protein's unique sequence of amino acids
57
Secondary structure
A-helices and B-pleated sheets via Hydrogen bonding
58
Tertiary structure
Polypeptide folding via side chain interactions and hydrophobic interactions *folds into the complete polypeptide (Includes hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges)
59
Quatenery structure
Interactions between different polypeptide chains
60
Sickle cell disease is a change in the ________ structure of a protein?
Primary structure
61
Chaperonins
Protein molecules that assist in the folding of other proteins
62
Causes of protein denaturation
Changes in pH, salinity, temperature, and other environmental factors
63
Result of a denatured protein?
Becomes biologically inactive
64
X-ray crystallography
is commonly used to determine the 3D structure of proteins
65
Nucleic acids function?
Construct genes that code for proteins
66
Chemical makeup of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group
67
What makes up the BACKBONE of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group and the pentose sugar
68
What makes a nucleotide unique?
Nitrogenous base
69
5 types of nitrogenous bases
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)- Pyrimidines Adenine (A), Guanine (G)- Purines. (Thymine is in DNA, Uracil is in RNA)
70
Pyrimidines
SINGLE RING: Cytosine, Thymine (DNA) , Uracil (RNA) "CTU"="CUT"="SHARP"-"PYRAMID"
71
Purines
DOUBLE RING: Adenine, Guanine
72
2 types of pentose sugars in Nucleotides
Deoxyribose- DNA (Think "D") Ribose- RNA (Think "R")
73
Phosphodiester bonds- In which polymer and HOW DOES IT WORK?
Nucleotides Links the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar pentose of another. Links the 5 carbon (phosphate) to the 3 carbon (sugar).
74
5'end of a nucleotide
Phosphate side
75
3' end of a nucleotide
Sugar side
76
DNA double helix
Two backbones running in ANTIPARALLEL FASHION (5' and 3' ends are opposite for the two backbones) A-T/U G-C
77
Base pairing rules of DNA
A and T/U (2 hydrogen bonds) G and C (3 hydrogen bonds) (pyramidines and purines pair together)

USABO- Campbell Biology (6 decks)

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