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USABO- Campbell Biology > Chapter 6- A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6- A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Two types of cells

A

Plant, Animal

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2
Q

Light microscope

A

Use a lightbulb
Magnification is limited by the optical properties of light

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3
Q

Confocal microscope

A

Uses lasers
The lasers can penetrate the sample deeper than light can
Can see ONLY fluorescent objects
Image is assembled by computer

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4
Q

Electron microscope

A

Beams electrons into the image

Electrons have a smaller wavelength than light, allowing for a higher resolution

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5
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

Shows a 3D image of the surface of a specimin

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6
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

Shows a THIN section of a specimen.
Can reveal the internal structure

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7
Q

Two factors that determine the quality of an image

A

Magnification- the ability to make objects larger
Resolution- the ability to distinguish two objects from each other
*NOT the same thing!

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8
Q

Resolving power

A

The limit up to which any two “dots” are still separate entities

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9
Q

Oil immersion technique

A

A technique that uses oil to fill the gap between the microscope objective lens
The oil minimizes the loss of light that occurs, resulting with images that have BETTER CONTRAST

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10
Q

Greater surface area =

A

faster exchange rate of material

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11
Q

Centrifuge

A

Separates substances of different densities

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12
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Prokaryotic: Bacteria, Archaea
Eukeryotic: Eukarya

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13
Q

Which is more complex- eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not have a ________

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain:
(list 4)

A

Plasma membrane, cytosol/cytolasm, chromosomes (DNA), ribosomes

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a __________ instead of a nucleus

A

Nucleoid

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound ___________.

A

Organelles

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most of a eukaryotic cell’s DNA

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19
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus (via a double membrane)

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20
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Regulate the entry/exit of molecules (ex: RNA)

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21
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Maintains the shape

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

Unwound DNA
Condenses to form chromosomes

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23
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site within the nucleus that creates ribosomes
- Contains DNA, proteins, and rRNA
“Nucleus of the Nucleus”

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24
Q

Ribosomes

A

Created in the nucleolus
Creates proteins using information from DNA and RNA
Composed of rRNA and proteins

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25
Relationship between DNA, RNA, Ribosomes, and Proteins
DNA makes RNA, whcih makes Ribosomes, which makes Proteins
26
Free ribosomes
Ribosomes that exist "floating freely" in the cytosol
27
Bound ribosomes
Ribosomes that exist on the ER or the nucleus
28
List all 7 components of the Endomembrane System
Nuclear envelope ER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Plasma Membrane
29
Vesicles
Connects members of the endomembrane systems Transport vesicles: Transports stuff between different components Sort of like a "car"
30
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Creates, processes, and transports proteins within the cell - Continuous with the nuclear envelope - Has a LOT of surface area Two types: Smooth ER and Rough ER
31
Cisternae
Flattened membranous sacs, filled with ER lumen (a fluid) Component of the ER "Pancakes"
32
Smooth ER LIST THE FUNCTIONS
LACKS ribosomes Creates lipids Detoxifies poisons Stores calcium
33
Rough ER
"Membrane factory" of the cell (creates phospholipids and membrane proteins, which help create membranes) Bound ribosomes are found here, which produce proteins
34
Transport vesicles
Transports proteins created in bound ribosomes (in the rough ER)
35
Rough ER creates
Proteins!
36
3 functions of Smooth ER
1: Synthesis lipids (ex: steroids) 2: Detoxify poisons (ex: alcohol) 3: Store calcium (ex: in muscle cells)
37
Golgi Apparatus
"Shipping/Recieving Center" Consists of cisternae - Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles - Modifies products of the ER - Manufacture certain macromolecules
38
Anterograde transport vs Retrograde transport
Anterograde transport: away from the nucleus Retrograde transport: towards the nucleus *Anterograde transport is more common
39
"cis face" vs "trans face" of the Golgi Apparatus
Cis face: "recieving side". Input Trans face: "shipping side". Output
40
Lysosomes
Digests stuff "Destroyer/trash can" "Recycling can"
41
Phagocytosis
When the lysosome DIGESTS the engulfed object
42
Autophagy
When the lysosome RECYCLES the engulfed object - Digests it - Then it recycles it
43
Vacuole
"Storage Compartment"
44
Plant/fungi cells have ________ vacuoles than animal cells.
LARGER
45
Central vacuole
Holds water, helps growth, maintains shape. Found in PLANT CELLS. HUGE.
46
Food vacuole
Holds organic compounds
47
Contractile vacuoles
Found in freshwater protists - Pumps excess water out of cells
48
Peroxisomes
Neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS). 1: Detoxifies 2: Breaks down fatty acids
49
Mitochondria
Found in all eukaryotes, site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION Generates ATP
50
Chloroplasts
Found in PLANTS, are the sites of PHOTOSYNTHESIS (also generates atp)
51
Endosymbiotic Theory
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be their own independent prokaryotes (This is due to the fact that they have their own double membranes, ribosomes, and dna)
52
Mitochondria have ________ membranes, a ______ folded inner membrane (which consists of _______, increasing the surface area).
double, highly, cristae
53
Two "compartments" within mitochondria
Intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix
54
Chloroplasts are part of the __________ family and contain the pigment ___________ which makes plants look the color of __________.
plastids, chlorophyll, green
55
Structure of chlorophyll: - _______ membrane - __________________ that are stacked to make _______. - __________
Double membrane Thylakoids (membranous sacs) that are stacked to form granum. Stroma (internal fluid)
56
Cytoskeleton (function and 3 types of fibers)
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm - Supports the cell and maintains its shape - Anchors many organelles 1: Microtubules 2: Intermediate filaments 3: Microfilaments
57
Microtubules
Hollow rods composed of alternating a and b tubulin subunits. Functions: - Maintains cell shape - Serves as "train tracks" for motor proteins - Forms cilia/flagella - Separates chromosomes during cell division
58
Motor Proteins
Use microtubules as "train tracks" for transporting vesicles/organelles - Uses ATP to "walk"
59
Kinesins vs Dyneins
Kinesins: Traveling towards the POSITIVE pole of a microtubule (anterograde) Dyneins: Traveling towards the NEGATIVE pole of a microtubule (retrograde)
60
Centrioles/Centrosomes
Microtubules grow out from centrosomes These centrosomes consist of 2 centrioles - Arranged in the 9+0 arrangement. (9 triplets, hollow inside)
61
Flagella
"Tails" used for locomotion - Limited # per cell - Eukaryotic flagella are made from microtubules - Prokaryotic flagella are made from FLAGELLIN- NOT MICROTUBULES!!!
62
Cilia
Tiny "hairs" that move/brush things - Numerous across the cell surfaces, much smaller than flagella - Only found in eukaryotes - Made from microtubules - Ex: Trachea lining
63
What are the two "structural parts" of flagellum and cilium? What are the microtubule arrangement of these two components?
-Made of microtubules wrapped in plasma membrane, as well as a basal body which anchors the flagella/cilium to the cell. Cilium/flagellum: 9+2 Basal Body: 9+0
64
How do cilium/flagellum move?
Dynein motor proteins dive the bending movements of cilium and flagellum, causing it to move and propelling the flagellum.
65
Microfilaments
Smallest of the three cytoskeleton fibers. - Made from a double chain of actin subunits 1: Support the cell's shape 2: Muscle contractions 3: Pseudopial movement (moves the cell forward) 4: Cytoplasmic swimming
66
Intermediate filaments
Permanent fixtures that support cell shape and keep organelles in place (VERY sturdy) - Only present in certain cell types - Made of various proteins (e.g. keratin, lamin, vimentin, desmin)
67
Three types of extracellular structures
1: Cell walls (plants/fungi/bacteria) 2: Extracellular matrix (ECM) (animals only) 3: Intercellular junctions
68
Cell walls (definition and what it's made of)
Serve as physical protection and help maintain shape - Plant cell walls: cellulose - Fungi cell walls: chitin - Bacterial cell walls: peptidoglycan
69
3 layers of plant cell walls
1: Primary cell walls. Relatively thin and flexible. 2: Secondary cell walls (present in some cells). Found beneath the primary cell wall, MUCH thicker, extra strength (e.g. wood) 3: Middle lamina. "Sticky" polysaccharides (pectin) to hold adjacent cells together
70
Animal Extracellular Matrix
Animal cells are SURROUNDED by an ELABORATE extra cellular matrix (ECM) made up of: - Glycoproteins (mostly protein) - Proteoglycans (mostly carbohydrates)
71
Fibronectin/Integrins
- Attaches/binds the ECM to the cell membrane Fibronectin: Attaches the ECM to integrins Integrin: Membrane proteins with two subunits In short: ECM is attatched to Fibronectin, which is attatched to integrins, which is attatched to the cell membrane.
72
Collagen
Most abundant ECM protein Also the most abundant protein in our bodies!
73
Intercellular junctions (Definition and three types for animal cells)
Neighboring cells often adhere, interact, and communicate via intercellular junctions Animal cells have the following types: 1) Tight junctions 2) Desmosomes 3) Gap junctions
74
1: Tight junctions 2: Desmosomes 3: Gap junctions
1: Tight junctions (barriers). Presses the cell membranes together, prevents leakage. SEALS THEM. 2: Desmosomes (anchors). Securely fasten cells together FASTENS THEM 3: Gap junctions (communication). Tunnels for small molecules to flow through (similar to plasmodesmata of plant cells)
75
Plasmodesmata
Similar to gap junctions in animal cells. ONLY IN PLANT CELLS. A type of intercellular junction through which water, small solutes, proteins, and RNA can pass from cell to cell

USABO- Campbell Biology (6 decks)

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