Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards
(39 cards)
The breakdown of organic molecules is ______. (exergonic/endergonic)
Exergonic
What is the difference between aerobic and anerobic respiration? Which one yields more ATP?
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, while anerboic respiration does not.
Aerobic respiration yields more ATP.
Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation: When the substance loses/donates an electron
Reduction: When a substance RECIEVES an electron.
Think “Reduction-Recieves”
When the two occur together- known as a REDOX reaction
Redox reaction
A reaction when one molecule becomes oxidized, and the other one is reduced
NAD+ and NADH
Known as the “electron shuttle”.
NAD+ is the original molecule. An electron can reduce this, turning it into NADH.
NADH can later become oxidized, and turn back into NAD+, releasing the electron into the ETC.
(look up the molecular structure)
Name the 3 (4) stages of CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
1: Glycolysis
2: Pyruvate Oxidation and Citrid Acid Cycle
3: Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the process of ATP generation from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle called?
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
What does glycolysis split the glucose molecule into?
2 pyruvates
Two phases of glycolysis? Name each, and include the inputs and outputs of each.
1: Energy Investment Phase.
Uses 2 ATP.
2: Energy Payout Phase.
Forms 4 ATP , 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 Pyruvates, and 2 H20
NET PROFIT: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvates, 2 H20, 2H+
What is the net profit of glycolysis?
2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2H20, 2H+
Describe ALL of the steps of the GLYCOLYSIS.
*IMPORTANT!!!
1: 2 ATPs put onto glucose molecule by donating Phosphate groups. Glucose molecule turns into Fructose-1-6-biophosphate.
2: Fructose-1-6-biophosphate splits into DHAP and G3P. (The DHAP will eventually convert into G3P as well)
3: Each G3P oxidizes an NAD+ molecule. Then, 2 ATPs are generated along the way.
4: The G3P molecule becomes a pyruvate.
Where does pyruvate enter?
The mitochondria
What is pyruvate converted into?
Acetyl CoA
Describe all the steps of pyruvate oxidation.
1: A pyruvate enters the mitochondria.
2: A CO2 molecule leaves.
3: An NAD+ is converted into NADH.
4: Coenzyme A adds on CoA-SH.
5: The new molecule is Acetyl CoA.
Where does the citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) take place?
Mitochondrial Matrix
In the citric acid cycle, the _____ group of the acetyl CoA combines with _______, forming ________.
The acetyl group of the Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate, forming citrate.
Describe ALL the steps of the citric acid cycle.
1: The Acetyl group of the Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate, forming citrate.
2: 2 Co2s are lost from the citrate, losing it 2 carbons.
3: Oxidizes NAD+ twice, creating 2 more NADH.
4: GTP is made.
5: FAD is converted into FAD2.
6: Another NAD+ is turned into NADH.
7: The remaining oxoalecate is reused back into the cycle.
How much does EACH acetyl CoA generate?
1 ATP (in the form of GTP)
3 NADH
1 FADH2
Summarize glycosis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
1: Glucose molecule is split into 2 pyruvates.
2: Each pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA.
3: The Acetyl group of the Acetyl CoA combines with oxoalotate, creating citrate. The citrate is then broken down back into the oxoalotate.
Describe the electron transport chain.
1: Electrons are dropped off from NADH/FADH2 into a series of proteins.
2: The electrons drop through the proteins, releasing energy.
3: The energy is used to pump protons into the intermembranal space.
4: The protons create a proton gradient.
5: A proton pump harnesses the flow of protons down their gradient. Uses the energy for ATP synthase.
Where does the ETC take place?
Mitochondria
What is the complex I protein called? What is its purpose
It is called a flavoprotein (FMN).
It accepts NADH, and releases energy used to pump protons into the intermembranal space.
What is coenzyme Q/ubiqunione Q?
It takes the electrons from protein 1 and protein 2 and passes it along to protein 3.
What does protein complex II do? What does it not do?
It accepts FADH2. It DOES NOT release energy, nor does it pump proteins.
