Chapter 5, Thinking Planning and Language Chapter 6; Developing Brain

Question 1

what are the two steps to begin thinking

Answer 1

perception of senses and interpreting those senses from past experience and observations

Question 2

what is the basis of semantic memory (concept cells)

Answer 2

regions of the brain process different information from “recognition memory” cells fire at specific info froming concept cells which are groups of cells that fire at related information in the temporal lobe

Question 3

What are two examples of groups of concept cells

Answer 3

Fusiform face area (FFA) which recognizes faces and parahipppocampal place area which recognizes locations

Question 4

What structures make up the semantic system and what does it respond to

Answer 4

temporal, parietal, PFC which responds to words creating a unique sense of language

Question 5

What is an FMRI and a result from studying words

Answer 5

study activated regions of the brain. A result was we use the left hemisphere when processing words

Question 6

What is the “short summary” of thinking

Answer 6

regions of the brain all connect and process and manipulate semantic memory to produce thoughts and recognition

Question 7

What is aphasias

Answer 7

loss of ability to undwerstand speech

Question 8

What are the three types of aphasia

Answer 8

Broca, Wernick, and pure word deafnesss

Question 9

What is broca aphasias

Answer 9

in the frontal lobe that produces speech

Question 10

what is wernick aphasias

Answer 10

in the temporal love to understand speech

Question 11

what is pure word deafness aphasias

Answer 11

temporal damage to both hemispehres and you cannot comprehend speech, even though it is heard

Question 12

What is FOXP2 and what does a mutation cause

Answer 12

switches genes on and off in the brain. Causing difficuluty of moving the mouth and jaw

Question 13

What is executive function

Answer 13

processing in the PFC, where it supervising everything the brain does

Question 14

how are neurons formed in early development

Answer 14

specific signals from mesoderm change cells closest to them creating a gradient of different neural or glia cells

Question 15

what is neural induction

Answer 15

signals from mesoderm trigger ectoderm cells to become nerve tissue

Question 16

what is proliferation and explanation

Answer 16

neurons come the neural stem and progenitor MANY two daughter cells split, one stays proliferating and the other becomes mature.

Question 17

what happens with protein defects in the developing brain

Answer 17

sometimes cells can proliferate for too long, having megalencephaly - large head. Others switch early from symmetrical to asymetrical causing microcerphaly - small head.

Question 18

What is migration in neuron development

Answer 18

neurons travel from the inner surface to more permanant areas

Question 19

What happens after migration, as the tube thickens * how the brain begins to form

Answer 19

The tube forms into the hind, mid, and fore brain and neurons accumulate with guidance from glia cells to radially establish themselves

Question 20

What are the categories of the radially organized neurons

Answer 20

older neurons from the inner layer and younger neurons form the outer layer

Question 21

How can migration become influenced

Answer 21

with drugs, alcohol, and radiation

Question 22

How does the brain develope externally after it has developed with the three phases (induction, proliferation, migration)

Answer 22

Voices and nutrition causes more development of neurons.

Question 23

How to neurons grow and reach their destination to the body part

Answer 23

They grow from growth cones at the axons, following signal molecules to a precise location

Question 24

Explain the process of synapse formation and how the neurons adapt to the formation

Answer 24

Molecules bind the axon and dendrite together, where a synapse is formed. Axons learn to release neurotransmitters and dendrites receive receptors that respond to neurotransmitters

Question 25

How do astrocytes aid in synapse formation?

Answer 25

They are able to contact millions of synapses, aiding in development

Question 26

Are there specific neurotransmitters that go with different neurons

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

what is myelin and what does it do, what is its structure

Answer 27

fatty wrapping around axons, increasing the speed that signals travel down. Thre are gaps called nodes of ranvier. signals ujp from one node to the next called saltatory conduction. The formation of myelin is continues throughout life.

Question 28

What happens after all stages of the developing brain are complete

Answer 28

neurons(as much as half) are removed through apoptosis, when a neuron fails to receive chemical signals

Question 29

How does apoptosis affecect developed brains

Answer 29

apoptosis can cause neuron degeneration after injuries, even in not injured areas.