Chapter 54: Community Ecology Flashcards Preview

Bio 94: Exam 3 > Chapter 54: Community Ecology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 54: Community Ecology Deck (36)
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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of life across all levels of biological organization

  • genetic diversity
  • species diversity
  • ecosystem diversity
2
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Varying genes that make up the characteristics of a species

3
Q

What is species diversity?

A

Number of different species in a particular region

Two parts:
Species richness
Species evenness

4
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Variety of habitats and communities in the world

5
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of species

6
Q

What is species evenness?

A

The relative abundance of the species in that environment

How many there are for that environment

7
Q

Answer the following for each location:

a) What is the species richness?
b) What is the species evenness?

Location 1:

  • One tree
  • Nine of the same shrub

Location 2:

  • Five of the same tree
  • Five of the same shrub
A

Location 1:

a) Species richness = 2
b) Species evenness = low

Location 2:

a) Species richness = 2
b) Species evenness = high

8
Q

What does the Berger-Parker Index say about diversity?

A

The sample with greater evenness is more diverse than the sample with greater richness

9
Q

How are community interactions classified?

A

By whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved.

10
Q

What are the 4 community interactions?

A
  1. Competition
  2. Predation
  3. Herbivory
  4. Symbiosis
    • parasitism
    • mutualism
    • commensalism
11
Q

What is competition?

A

When two or more species try to obtain the same limited resources

12
Q

What is predation?

A

An interaction between species where the predator kills the prey

13
Q

What is herbivory?

A

When plants are consumed by animals

14
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

When individuals of 2 or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

15
Q

What is parasitism?

A

When one organism feeds on the other (host)

- host receives no benefit

16
Q

What is mutualism?

A

When both individuals benefit from the relationship

E.g., ants feed off of acacia plants for nutrients, and the acacia plants are protected by the ants.

17
Q

What is commensalism?

A

An interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither benefited or harmed

E.g., birds nest in trees, tree is not benefited or harmed.

18
Q

What are hitchhiking species?

A

Species that partake in commensalism on the go.

E.g., algae on turtle shells, barnacles on whales etc.

19
Q

Does competition have a positive or negative effect on both species?

A

Negative on both

20
Q

Does predation have a positive or negative effect on both species?

A

Positive for the predator

Negative for the prey

21
Q

Does parasitism have a positive or negative effect on both species?

A

Positive for the parasite

Negative for the host

22
Q

Does mutualism have a positive or negative effect on both species?

A

Positive on both

23
Q

Does commensalism have a positive or negative effect on both species?

A

Positive for one species

Neither +/- for other

24
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

Principle which states that the species that acquires more of the resources will win and the other species will die out

25
Q

How are species able to coexist?

A

Both species will confine themselves to a particular niche in the same environment

E.g., there are two types of barnacles. Barnacle type 1 lives on the part of the rock that receives high tide. Barnacle type 2 lives on the part of the rock gang receives low tide. If barnacle type 2 was absent, barnacle type 1 would cover the entire rock, however, they are coexisting together.

26
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

When similar species focus on different resources/niches in order to coexist in a community

E.g., multiple bird species can live in the same tree. Some with live at the top of the tree while another lives in the middle.

27
Q

What is character displacement?

A

When a species in a habitat will diverge because competing for a specific niche has restricted them to specific resources

28
Q

What are 4 characteristics that prey can do in order to prevent themselves from being eaten?

A

Camouflage
Warning coloration
Chemical defenses
Mimicry

29
Q

What is cryptic coloration?

A

Camouflage, where the organisms appearance can blend in with a background.

30
Q

What is warning coloration?

A

Aposematic coloration

When an organism will physically change its color in order to show or pretend it is venomous to frighten the predator away

31
Q

What is mimicry?

A

When an organism pretends to be another in order to deter predators

32
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

When a species evolves to resemble a species that has superior, protective capability.

33
Q

In Batesian mimicry there are 3 players: the model, the mimic, and the dupe. How does each one play?

A

The model is the species with the superior, protective capability.

The mimic is the species pretending to be the model.

The dupe in the predator fooled into believing that the mimic is the model.

34
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The physical surroundings in which a species can normally be found

35
Q

What is a niche?

A

All of the resources required for the survival, growth, and reproduction of a species.

  • light, temperature and chemicals are also part of the niche
36
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

A species who’s a sense from a community would bring about significant change.

  • not every community has a keystone species