Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Dr. Gruber is running a memory experiment using fMRI. One participant is asked to remember a particular set of words, and Dr. Gruber notices that the occipital lobe is particularly active during the task. The participant is MOST likely using what type of encoding? A. visual imagery B. organizational C. echoic D. elaborative
A
A. visual imagery
2
Q
Tamosin has a hard time remembering names. One night at a party, she met a guy that she really wanted to impress. In order to remember that his name was Joe, she imagined a steaming cup of coffee (“cup of Joe”) every time she looked at him. This illustrates:
A
visual imagery encoding
3
Q
Waitresses may use _____ to help remember orders by sorting the items by the seat at the table.
A
organizational encoding
4
Q
Once you learn information it is _____ so that it can be accessed later.
A
stored in the brain
5
Q
One day while gardening, Greg tripped over a coil of wound-up hose and fell face first on the pavement. He suffered damage to his hippocampal region, and while recovering in the hospital, he consistently greeted his friends and family as though he was seeing them again for the first time in ages, and he often forgot what he was doing during the day. However, he could still recall, without effort, adventures from his teenage years. Most likely, Greg has what would be called: A. retrograde amnesia. B. anterograde amnesia. C. long-term potentiation. D. short-term potentiation.
A
B. antereograde amnesia
6
Q
Research indicates that the best place to look for memories in the brain is in the:
A
synapses
7
Q
You remember where you placed your keys more easily by seeing objects in the same room:
A
because they are retrieval cues
8
Q
According to the encoding specificity principle, it would be best to study for an exam in:
A. the same room you will take the exam.
B. any room, as long as it is a quiet and well lit.
C. the library.
D. a room with lots of background noise.
A
A. the same room you will take the exam
9
Q
Brain scans have shown that people who show increased activity in the hippocampus during a memory task are:
A
more likely to remember the information
10
Q
An elementary school class took a spelling test immediately after learning how to bake a cake. The teacher noticed that many of the students spelled the word “FLOUR” instead of the vocabulary word “FLOWER,” illustrating:
A
priming
11
Q
Priming makes memory more efficient by:
A. saving processing time.
B. deactivating parts of the frontal cortex.
C. creating an iconic memory.
D. making it easier to chunk information.
A
A. saving processing time
12
Q
Amnesia patients with hippocampal damage can still form procedural memories, suggesting that:
A. explicit and implicit memories are distinct systems.
B. explicit and implicit memories are part of the same system.
C. procedural and implicit memories are distinct systems.
D. episodic and implicit memories are part of the same system.
A
A. explicit and implicit memories are distinct systems
13
Q
When our memory fades over time, we generally lose most information closer to the time of learning rather than long after learning has occurred. This is an example of:
A
transience
14
Q
Mike is walking down the street and sees a woman he is sure he has met before. Mike asks the woman if they indeed know each other and she informs him she just arrived in the country and has never been here before. Mike’s feeling of familiarity is most likely a result of:
A
false recognition
15
Q
Bailey attends her 20th high school reunion and realizes she’d have great difficulty with names if people weren’t wearing nametags. Her inability to remember the names of people she spent so much time with 20 years ago is most likely due to the memory sin of:
A
transience
16
Q
Visual imagery encoding relates to _____, in that you are connecting the new information to previously existing information in both processes.
A
elaborative encoding
17
Q
Tami is serving a table at a restaurant and remembers the customer’s orders by imagining pictures of each item. Darnell, on the other hand, remembers the items according to where people are sitting. Tami is using _____ and Darnell is using _____ to complete their work.
A
visual imagery encoding; organizational encoding
18
Q
Which list of the types of storage is in the correct order, from largest to smallest capacity? A. long term, short term, sensory B. short term, sensory, long term C. sensory, long term, short term D. sensory, short term, long term
A
A. long term, short term, sensory
19
Q
A fast-decaying store of auditory memory is referred to as:
A
echoic memory
20
Q
Research indicates that the best place to look for memories in the brain is in the:
A
synapses
21
Q
As Douglas watches television, he sees a commercial for a local dry cleaner and then remembers that he needs to move some laundry from the washer to the dryer. Seeing the dry-cleaning commercial has served as a _____ for Douglas.
A
retrieval cue
22
Q
Suparna is taking an allergy medication during the first part of the semester because that’s when it’s allergy season. What best accounts for why it is beneficial for her to continue taking the medication until she is finished with final exams?
A
state-dependent retrieval
23
Q
According to memory research, who will likely do best on a multiple-choice exam?
A. Tonya, who did not study
B. Dominique, who studied by answering multiple-choice questions
C. Toniece, who read over all of her notes several times
D. Mirari, who studied by writing essays about the material
A
B. Dominique, who studied by answering multiple-choice questions
24
Q
For memories to form, be stored, and later retrieved, a person may be \_\_\_\_\_ aware of the memory. A. consciously B. unconsciously C. either consciously or unconsciously D. uninterruptedly
A
C. either consciously or unconsciously
25
Compared with unprimed tasks, procedural memories and priming are associated with _____ activity in various brain regions, such as parts of the occipital and frontal lobes involved in visual processing and word retrieval.
reduced
26
```
The hippocampus is not necessary for acquiring new:
A. procedural memories.
B. semantic memories.
C. episodic memories.
D. false memories.
```
A. procedural memories
27
Lauren returns home after work and hears the phone ringing. She runs for the phone while attempting to keep the cat from getting outside. Later she can’t remember where she put her car keys when she got home from work. Her forgetfulness is most likely due to:
absentmindedness
28
If you really dislike the current president, but later come to appreciate the good things that he accomplished, you may report that you felt more positive toward him while he was in office. Which sin of memory does this scenario represent?
bias
29
Amber took four years of Spanish in high school and two years of Spanish in college. Nevertheless, only a year after she graduated from college she realizes that she remembers very little of the Spanish language, illustrating:
transience
30
Now that Liz and her husband are getting a divorce she remembers their marriage as tumultuous and unhappy. A year ago she repeatedly told her friends how happy she was. Liz’s current memory of her marriage best reflects:
A. the constructive nature of memory.
B. how quickly information is lost from memory.
C. how memory becomes less reliable as we get older.
D. how Liz’s husband deceived her.
A. the constructive nature of memory
31
Making which of the following types of judgments about new information makes it easiest to remember?
semantic
32
You learn a new fact about Wilhelm Wundt, your favorite psychologist. If you relate it to information you already know, you will be using:
elaborative encoding
33
While driving in a new city, you briefly see a road sign that you think marked the exit you are looking for, but after a few seconds you can’t remember what the sign said. This illustrates the quick decay of _____ memory.
iconic
34
```
Nate is going to the grocery store to pick up a few things. He decides not to write a list and instead repeats the 8 items he intends to buy over and over in his head on the way to the store. This is an example of:
A. blocking.
B. chunking.
C. rehearsal.
D. bias.
```
C. rehearsal
35
```
Devan and Liz are studying for their test in American history. Devan asks Liz, “Hey, do you remember who was the fourth President of the United States?” Liz pauses for a few seconds and then answers, “James Madison.” As soon as she answers, her cell phone rings. It is her friend Carla, and Liz talks to her for about 10 minutes. When she gets off the phone, Devan says, “Liz, I didn’t hear you. Who was the fourth President?” Liz thinks for a few moments, and then realizes that she has forgotten, illustrating the importance of memory:
A. misattribution.
B. rehearsal.
C. consolidation.
D. reconsolidation.
```
D. reconsolidation
36
You remember where you placed your keys more easily by seeing objects in the same room:
A. because they are retrieval cues.
B. because they are not associated with your memory of the keys.
C. only if it is within 5 minutes of the encoding period.
D. only if it has been at least 1 hour since you left your keys.
A. because they are retrieval cues
37
When we _____ information, our left frontal lobe shows increased activity. When we _____ information, our hippocampal region shows increased activity.
try to retrieve; successfully retrieve
38
Because of _____ Jon will be faster to respond to the word “cat” than the word “sun” if he just saw a picture of a cat.
priming
39
When you remember what you know, you are using _____ memory. When you remember the circumstances under which you first heard what you know, you are using _____ memory.
semantic; episodic
40
The tendency for people to remember events as either more positive or negative than their true feelings at the actual time of the event is due to:
bias
41
Which of the following is NOT an adaptive feature of the sins of memory?
A. Our memory allows us to remember important details and forget insignificant ones.
B. We usually don’t have to remember all of the contextual details of every experience.
C. We remember events that could threaten our survival.
D. We usually remember information in a way that leads us to view ourselves negatively.
D. we usually remember information in a way that leads us to view ourselves negatively
42
```
Participants in a memory study are presented with words that belong to one of four categories (e.g., insects, beverages, etc.) or are presented with words that have no apparent relationship to one another. The group that received the categories of words remembers more words than those who got the other list. This is most likely due to their use of:
A. visual imagery.
B. chunking.
C. organizational encoding.
D. long-term potentiation.
```
C. organizational encoding
43
Which of the following represents the flow of information through the memory system?
A. short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory
B. sensory memory, long-term memory, short-term memory
C. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
D. sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory
C. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
44
Patients like HM, who cannot store new memories, suffer from a form of:
anterograde amnesia
45
Long-term memory is possible because of the:
A. strengthened pathways in the brain achieved through repeated signals sent across synapses.
B. individual pathways created each time a signal is sent from the same neuron to another neuron.
C. brain tissue that directly connects all neurons to one another.
D. rich variety of pathways in the brain.
A. strengthened pathways in the brain achieved through repeated signals sent across synapses
46
```
When you are trying to study by answering questions and suppressing incorrect responses, you may _____ recall, in a process known as _____.
A. enhance; recall recovery
B. enhance; retrieval facilitation
C. impair; retrieval failure
D. impair; retrieval-induced forgetting
```
D. impair; retrieval-induced forgetting
47
Because some people with damage to the hippocampus have no trouble learning new facts but can never recall personal events they experienced, researchers concluded that:
A. episodic and semantic memory, which both rely on the hippocampus, are not different processes.
B. episodic and semantic memory, which both rely on the hippocampus, are different processes.
C. episodic memory relies on the hippocampus; semantic memory does not.
D. semantic memory relies on the hippocampus,; episodic memory does not.
C. episodic memory relies on the hippocampus semantic memory does not
48
As Tim is doing his homework while on the phone with his friend Sue, his pencil snaps and he gets up to get a new one in the basement, where his family keeps all the school supplies. When he gets down to the basement he forgets why he came down. What probably happened?
absentmindedness
49
Repeated suggestibility may actually produce _____ in some people.
false memories
50
You are hired to reform the police department’s eyewitness identification line-up procedure. Which of the following would be the best plan to use?
A. Include the prime suspect and 5 other people who resemble the prime suspect and have the witness give a response after looking at all members of the lineup.
B. Include the prime suspect and 5 other people who resemble the prime suspect and have the witness give a yes/no response for each member of the lineup.
C. Include the prime suspect and 5 other people who do not resemble the prime suspect and have the witness give a yes/no response for each member of the lineup.
D. Pick 6 suspects who look nothing alike and have the witness point out the one she thinks is the suspect.
B. Include the prime suspect and 5 other people who do not resemble the prime suspect and have the witness give a yes/no response for each member of the lineup
51
Although 5-year-old Casey had never been to North Dakota, she was most easily able to remember this new-to-her state name because:
A. she repeated the name and also visualized in her mind its location on the map her dad had displayed in her room.
B. she made up a song that rhymed “Dakota” and “cherry soda.”
C. she wrote the name in capital letters on her chalkboard 10 times.
D. she repeated the name over and over until she had encoded it.
A. she repeated the name and also visualized in her mind its location on the map her dad had displayed in her room
52
Visual imagery encoding relates to _____, in that you are connecting the new information to previously existing information in both processes.
elaborate encoding
53
Rats given a drug to block _____ have difficulty remembering where they have just been and are more likely to get lost in a maze than rats not given the drug.
long term potentiation
54
The effectiveness of retrieval cues supports the idea that:
A. everyone can have perfect memory if given enough hints.
B. memory is like a photograph or video.
C. echoic memories are stronger than iconic memories.
D. information in memory may be available but not accessible.
D. information in memory may be available but not acessible
55
```
The research on divers who remembered more when their learning conditions (being on land or in the water) matched their recall conditions (being on land or in the water) supports:
A. state dependent retrieval.
B. the encoding specificity principle.
C. levels of processing.
D. the existence of working memory.
```
B. the encoding specificity principle
56
Remembering how to ride a skateboard, even though it has been a few years since you last rode one, is a subtype of _____ memory termed _____.
implicit, procedural memory
57
Twenty-five years from now, Breanna is on Jeopardy! One of the answers is “This person was the 44th President of the United States of America.” Breanna says confidently, “Who was Barack Obama?” and is correct. To “answer” the “question,” Breanna has to use what part of her memory?
semantic
58
John is trying to remember his locker combination but keeps using the locker combination he had last year. John is suffering from:
proactive interference
59
Memory functions by:
A. storing some information so that it may be retrieved at a later time.
B. recording information and retrieving it later, precisely as it occurred the first time.
C. encoding information and keeping it in working memory until needed.
D. storing everything that has ever been sensed in a long-term store.
A. storing some information so that it may be retrieved at a later time
60
New memories are formed by:
A. recording exact copies of sensory information, as when using a video camera or photograph.
B. combining information we already know with new sensory information.
C. long-term potentiation in the occipital lobe.
D. episodic processing of stimuli.
B. combining information we already know with new sensory information
61
Darcy needs to stop at the grocery store on the way home. As she drives to work that morning she does a “mental walk” through her home and imagines each grocery item in a different location in her home so she can remember what she needs to buy. Darcy is making use of:
visual imagery
62
The process of chunking is limited to remembering:
approximately 7 pieces of meaningful information.
63
In light of research findings on _____, it probably is best to study for your psychology exam at a desk in a quiet room.
state dependent retrieval
64
Sarah can vividly remember the day her baby brother was born. This is an example of _____ memory.
explicit
65
This type of memory has been likened to “mental time travel.”
episodic memory
66
What regions of the brain are MORE active during elaborative encoding?
A. the inner left temporal lobe
B. the lower left frontal lobe
C. both the inner left temporal lobe and the lower left frontal lobe
D. the occipital lobe
C. both the inner left temporal lobe and the lower left frontal lobe
67
_____ is a fast-decaying store of visual memory.
iconic memory
68
Long-term memory can be kept for _____ and has _____ capacity.
hours to years; an unlimited
69
If memories are not _____, they will not remain in the long-term memory system.
consolidated
70
The phenomenon of _____ implies that if you are normally a little anxious when you take a test then it is best to be a little anxious when you study for your test.
state dependent retrieval
71
State-dependent retrieval would suggest that if you are asked to recall a childhood memory when you are in a good mood, you will most likely remember:
a happy episode
72
Brain scans have shown that people who show increased activity in the hippocampus during a memory task are:
A. less likely to remember the information.
B. prone to photographic memory of the information.
C. more likely to remember the information.
D. more likely to have errors in their memory for the information.
C. more likely to remember the situation
73
Childhood or infantile amnesia refers to:
A. children who develop memory disorders during the first few years of life.
B. a lack of memory from birth through approximately 10 years of age.
C. the first few years of life that are inaccessible to memory.
D. a neuropsychological disorder resulting in the loss of childhood memories.
C. the first few years of life that are inaccessible to memory
74
Having a pop-up reminder of a meeting that will occur in 15 minutes serves as an aid for:
prospective memory
75
Your teacher tells you that you can’t forget something if you never “got it” to begin with. Most likely your teacher is referring to a failure in:
encoding
76
```
Which list of the types of storage is in the correct order, from most brief to most enduring?
A. long term, short term, sensory
B. short term, sensory, long term
C. sensory, long term, short term
D. sensory, short term, long term
```
D. sensory, short term, long term
77
```
The tiny sea slug Aplysia is attractive to memory researchers because it:
A. behaves like humans.
B. is so passive.
C. has a simple nervous system.
D. reproduces very rapidly.
```
C. has a simple nervous system
78
```
Your psychology professor schedules an exam for the next class but does not say what type of test it will be. You study for the exam using a multiple-choice practice test, while your friend studies using a practice test with True/False questions. According to the transfer-appropriate processing principle, who is likely to do better on the exam if the questions are multiple choice?
A. you
B. your friend
C. both of you
D. neither of you
```
A. you
79
Remembering what, where, and when information about the personal events that occurred in your life are types of:
episodic memory
80
By relating new information to things that you already know and their meanings, it is easier to remember. This refers to what type of encoding?
elaborative
81
Moshe is playing cards and is grouping the cards that have already been played by suit (hearts, clubs, diamonds, and spades). Moshe is using what type of encoding?
organizational
82
```
Based on what you know about survival encoding, which of the following words would you be most likely to remember?
A. wheelbarrow
B. gun
C. pheasant
D. hamburger
```
D. hamburger
83
_____ is necessary for our frontal lobe and hippocampus to interact, so the frontal lobe can take over the responsibility of recall.
sleep
84
If you drink a lot of coffee while studying for your exam, state-dependent learning would suggest that you would do best on your exam if you:
drink a lot of coffee during the exam
85
Which of the following is probably NOT a personal recollection of these sophomore college students?
A. Troy’s memory of graduating from high school.
B. Travis’s memory of learning how to walk.
C. Tara’s memory of playing in band in 10th grade.
D. Taryn’s memory of moving to college.
B. Travis's memory of learning how to walk
86
Think about what you ate for breakfast this morning. What key steps must you have performed to remember this event?
A. maintenance, encoding, and processing
B. processing, encoding, and retrieval
C. encoding, storage, and retrieval
D. storage, chunking, and rehearsal
C. encoding, storage, and retrieval
87
Based on the research on survival encoding, it seems like we are best able to remember:
information that helps us survive and reproduce
88
Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus is regulated by the activity of the neurotransmitter _____ at _____ receptors.
glutamate; NMDA
89
According to research on memory, when studying for a test:
A. it is best to rehearse the material over and over again.
B. you should study in conditions opposite to those in which you will take the test.
C. asking yourself questions to practice retrieving the information is the best strategy.
D. using elaborative encoding alone is the best strategy.
C. asking yourself questions to practice retrieving the information is the best strategy
90
Kristen vividly remembers her first day of high school. This event in her life is different from other people’s experiences, so it is a(n) _____ memory.
episodic
91
James was involved in a car accident three years ago. He recently saw a man he believed had been in the accident, but when he approached him, the man had no idea what James was talking about. It turned out that the man was working at a coffee shop James had visited that day and was in no way involved in the car accident. James’s confusion was the result of:
misattribution
92
Elaborative, visual, and organizational encoding all depend on _____ of the brain.
different regions
93
After a memory is recalled, it may be vulnerable to distortion or forgetting, unless it is:
reconsolidated
94
Trying to remember something and actually remembering something are:
A. the same process and use the same brain areas.
B. the same process but use different brain areas.
C. different processes but use the same brain areas.
D. different processes and use different brain areas.
D. different processes and use different brain areas.
95
Brain research indicates that retrieval:
A. consists of several different processes.
B. is strongest in the morning.
C. for abstract words is better than for concrete words.
D. is localized in the left frontal lobe.
A. consists of several different processes
96
Ral has been golfing for most of his life and thinks he’s a good golfer. So, Ral was surprised when his friend asked him to describe how to swing the club without slicing and he couldn’t really put it into words. Ral’s memory of how to avoid slicing the ball is probably:
a procedural memory.
97
Priming is a technique that makes certain memories:
more accesible
98
The flashing red light on the multiline telephone operator’s phone reminded him that there was an important call waiting to be transferred. The flashing light served as a cue for his:
prospective memory
99
Transience describes how our memories _____ detail over time, and we reconstruct memories based on _____ experience.
lose; general
100
Michael has met his brother’s girlfriend three times. He remembers that her name starts with an S but can’t actually remember her name. This is most likely due to a failure in:
retrieval
101
Susan’s mom called Susan on her cell phone to ask her to pick up eight items from the grocery store on her way home from work. Since Susan was on the bus with no way to make a list when her mom called, she had to remember the items. She grouped them into categories of food, drinks, and supplies, thereby making use of:
organizational encoding
102
The hippocampus is vital for:
forming new memories
103
_____ is the process by which we transform our experiences into enduring memories.
Encoding
104
_____ memory is the type of memory that describes that tasks can be learned even if the person cannot explicitly remember when or where he learned the task.
Implicit
105
Just before an episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show, a fake crime was committed in which a man with brown hair, dressed in blue jeans and a green long-sleeved shirt, stole a woman’s handbag. The “crime” was staged right next to the talkative line of bystanders, including a few people planted by Oprah. When questioned by “police” almost immediately after the event about the “robber in the red shirt,” many “witnesses” described the man as wearing a red shirt and gave differing descriptions of the culprit. Which flaw of memory best explains this fault?
suggestability
106
_____ is the experience of knowing something but not being able to identify it, which is a result of _____.
Tip-of-the-tongue; blocking
107
Every time she studies, Connie listens to her MP3 player. She always listens to the same playlist of all of Lil Wayne’s songs. Connie believes in state-dependent learning and recall. What should she do at exam time?
Listen to the Lil Wayne playlist while taking the exam.
108
The _____ is important for the formation of a new memory but becomes less important when the memory becomes an older memory.
hippocampus
109
Krissy’s _____ becomes active when she tries to recall what she received for Christmas when she was 10 years old. Successful remembering of this information, however, requires the activity of the _____.
frontal lobe; hippocampus
110
Jenny remembers her 16th birthday party vividly and recalls how her parents surprised her with a brand new car. This is an example of
explicit memory
