Chapter 6 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are functions of the skeletal system?
Support body, facilitate movement, protect internal organs, produce blood cells, store and release minerals and fat
What are the two different types of bone marrow and what can you find in them?
Red marrow – blood cells
Yellow marrow – adipose tissue
How many bones are in the body?
206
List the 5 categories of bones, examples, and functions of each.
Long bones – serve as levers, move when muscles contract – humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, phalanges, metatarsals
Short bones – stability and support, some limited motion – carpals and tarsals
Flat bones – point of attachment for muscles, protect internal organs – cranial bones, scapulae, sternum, ribs
Irregular bones – protect from compression – vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid bones – protects tendons to overcome compression forces - patella
Define diaphysis and epiphysis and which marrow is found in these regions.
Diaphysis – tubular shaft between proximal and distal ends – yellow marrow
Epiphysis – wider sections at ends of long bones – red marrow
What is the epiphyseal plate and when does it start to fuse? When it fuses, what structure does it become?
The epiphyseal plate is the growth plate that is composed of hyaline cartilage in growing bone. It starts to fuse between 18-21 years and becomes the epiphyseal line.
What is a condyle, tuberosity, meatus? (all terms on table 6.2 are fair game – know them all)
Condyle – rounded surface
Tuberosity – rough surface
Meatus – opening into canal
What are the three main classes of bone markings?
Articulations, projections, holes
What is hydroxyapatite?
Calcium phosphate found in bone tissue that gives bone its hardness and strength
Osteoblasts build up/break down bone tissue and osteoclasts build up/break down bone tissue.
- build up
- break down
Osteoblasts will become ___________ when they are trapped in the matrix.
osteocytes
What cell is the only dividing cell in bone tissue?
Osteogenic cells
What is lamellae and which type of bone is it found in? What about trabeculae?
Lamellae are concentric rings of calcified matrix found in compact bone. Trabeculae is the lattice-like network found in spongy/cancellous bone.
What is the main difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
Intramembranous ossification will lay down calcified matrix while endochondral ossification involves a cartilaginous skeleton in which bone is later formed upon.
In endochondral ossification, what type of cartilage is used and eventually replaced with bone?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the process in adults where there is resorption of old/damaged bone on the same surface where osteoblasts lay new bone to replace that which is resorbed?
Remodeling
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a mutation that affects production of what? What are some common issues found in this disease?
Affects the production of collagen
Issues: fragile skin, weak muscles, loose joints, easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds, brittle teeth, blue sclera, and hearing loss
What is the difference between open reduction and closed reduction?
Open reduction - surgery to expose fracture and reset bone
Closed reduction - broken bone manipulated and set into natural position without surgery
List the types of fractures. (Table 6.4)
Comminuted, greenstick, impacted, oblique, transverse, spiral, open, closed
Why is fluoride important for bone health?
Displaces OH group in hydroxyapatite – fluorapatite – stabilizes and strengthens bone minerals and increases bone density
Which hormones influence osteoblasts and how?
Pituitary gland via growth hormone – chondrocyte proliferation/increased mineralization/increased density, thyroid gland via thyroxine – synthesis of bone matrix, testosterone and estrogen – growth spurt, calcitriol – absorb calcium and phosphate from GI tract
Which hormones influence osteoclasts and how?
Parathyroid hormone – calcium reabsorption by kidneys and synthesize vitamin D, calcitonin – stimulate calcium uptake by bones and decrease calcium ion in blood
How can you differentiate between osteoporosis and Paget’s disease?
Paget’s has an elevated alkaline phosphatase and osteoporosis does not
What is the normal level of calcium in the body?
10 mg/dL
