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Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscope

A

Optical instruments with lenses that refract light to magnify image

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2
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane enclosed structure with specialized functions

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3
Q

Electron microscope

A

Uses magnets to focus electron beams on a specimen.

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4
Q

Use of electron microscopes

A

Study details of a sample and uses metallic atoms

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5
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Studies internal structure of a cell

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi fluid part of cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Contents of cell, bounded by plasma membranes

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8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Membrane found at the boundary of every cell acting as a selective barrier

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9
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area of cells without drastically increasing volume

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that contains genetic material

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11
Q

Nuclear envolope

A

Membrane that encloses nucleus

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12
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Lines inner surface of nuclear envelope and maintains nuclear shape

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

A DNA molecule and an associated protein that carries genetic information

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14
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

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15
Q

Nucleolus

A

Structure consisting of chromosomal regions containing rRNA genes along with ribosomal proteins from the cytoplasm

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16
Q

How does the nucleus direct protein synthesis

A

Synthesizing mRNA which carry information from DNA

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes made of rRNA & proteins which synthesize proteins; made of a large and small subunit

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18
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Collection of membranes inside and surrounding the cell

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19
Q

What are structures apart of endomembrane system

A

ER, golgi body, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles

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20
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane bound sac

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21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membranes

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22
Q

How is detoxification done by smooth ER

A

Adding hydroxyl group which causes molecule to become more water soluble

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23
Q

What happens if detoxification occurs often

A

More enzymes will be produced causing tolerance

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24
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Small membraneous sac cytoplasm and carry molecules produced by the cell

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25
What does rough ER produce
Secretory proteins, and membrane proteins
26
Golgi apparatus
Organelle consisting of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of ER
27
Cisternae
Flat membrane sacs
28
How does Golgi body sort materials
Using identification tags like phosphate groups
29
Lysosomes
Organelle that is a sac containing hydrolytic enzyme
30
What makes hydrolytic enzhmes and lysosome membrane
Rough ER and then transferred to golgi
31
Autophagy
The fusing of vesicles with lysosomes that contain damaged organelles which will be digested
32
Vacuoles
Organelle that is a vesicle either specialized functions
33
Food vacuoles
Membraneous sacs formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used by the cell
34
Contractile vacuoles
Vacuole that pumps excess water maintaining ions and molecules in the cell
35
Mitochondria
Organelle that is the site of cellular respiration
36
Chloroplasts
Organelle that absorbs sunlight
37
Which cells contain chloroplasts
Plant and prokaryotes
38
Where are mitochondria found
Fungi, plants, animals, and protists
39
What is found in the cristae of mitochondria
Electron transport chain, enzymes for catalyzing synthesis of ATP
40
Where is the intermembrane space of mitochondria
Outer membrane and inner membrane
41
Mitochondrial matrix
The part of the mitochondrion inside the inner matrix
42
What is in mitochondrial membrane
Enzyme, substrate, ribosomes, and DNA
43
Thylakoids
Flattened, membraneous sac inside chloroplast, converts light energy to chemical energy
44
Granum
A stack of thylakoids, and contain ribosomes and DNA
45
What are the 3 compartments separated by chloroplast membrane
Inter membrane space, stroma, thylakoid space
46
Plastids
Family of organelles found in photosynthetic eukaryotes
47
Peroxisomes
Organelle with enzymes that transfers hydrogen from substrates to oxygen; creates hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct
48
Cytoskeleton
Network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend through cytoplasm
49
Functions of cytoskeleton
Mechanical, transportation, signaling
50
Motor proteins
Protein that interacts either cytoskeletal system; can produce movement of the whole or part of cell
51
Where are microtubules found
Cilia and flagella
52
What forms microtubules
Dimers of ploypeptides
53
Function of microtubules
Serve as tracks for organelles with motor proteins to transport
54
Centrosomes
Structure containing 2 centrioles found near nucleus
55
Function of centrosomes
Microtubules organizing center and cell division
56
Centrioles
Structure composed of a cylinder of microtubules triplets
57
Flagella
Long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion
58
Cillia
Short appendages containing microtubules
59
Function of cilia
Locomotion, movement of substances, signal recievers
60
Dyeins
Large motor proteins extending from one microtubule to another
61
Microfilaments
Cable made of actin proteins
62
Actin
Globular proteins responsible for cell contraction
63
Cortex
Outer region of cytoplasm right under plasma membrane
64
Cell walls
Protective layer external to plasma membrane
65
Function of cell wall in plants
Holds shape, and prevents excessive water
66
Primary cell walls
Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of young cells
67
Middle lamella
Thin layer of pectins found between primary walls of young plants
68
Secondary cell wall
Strong durable matrix, deposited in several layers. For structure and support
69
Extracellular matrix
Meshwork of surrounding animal cells
70
What is ECM made of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, & proteoglycans
71
Collagen
A glycoprotein that forms strong fibers. Most abundant
72
Proteoglycans
Large molecule consisting of small core protein with many carbs attached to it
73
Fibroconnectin
Glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to ECM
74
Integrins
Transmembrane receptor protein that interconnect the ECM and cytoplasm
75
Plasmodesmata
Open channel in cell wall connecting cytoplasm of adjacent plant cell allowing materials to pass
76
Gap junctions
Protein surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells
77
Tight junctions
Prevents leakage of materials through space
78
Desmosomes
Functions as a rivet fastening cells together

Biology (15 decks)

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