Chapter 9

Question 1

Fermentation

Answer 1

Catabolic process that makes small amount of ATP without electron transport chain

Question 2

Aerobic respiration

Answer 2

Catabolic pathway using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain to produces ATP

Question 3

Cellular respiration

Answer 3

Catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration for organic molecules and use ETC to make ATP

Question 4

Redox reaction

Answer 4

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

Question 5

Oxidation

Answer 5

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance in a redox reaction

Question 6

Reduction

Answer 6

Addition of electrons to a substance

Question 7

Reducing agent

Answer 7

Electron donor

Question 8

Oxidizing agent

Answer 8

Electron acceptor

Question 9

What happens when electrons lose potential energy

Answer 9

Energy is released

Question 10

What do feuls with hydrocarbon bonds oxidize to

Answer 10

C-O bonds

Question 11

What carries electrons

Answer 11

Electron carriers carrying hydrogen atoms

Question 12

What is NAD

Answer 12

A coenzyme that cycles between an oxidizing and reduction agent

Question 13

Dehydrogenase

Answer 13

An enzyme that removes 2 electrons & 2 protons (2 hydrogen atoms) from substrate, oxidizing the substrate

Question 14

Electron transport chain

Answer 14

Sequence of electron carrier molecules that tumble electrons down a redox reaction which will make energy for ATP

Question 15

Route of electrons in cellular respiration

Answer 15

Glucose➡️NADH➡️ETC➡️oxygen

Question 16

Glycolysis

Answer 16

Catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose

Question 17

Citric acid cycle

Answer 17

Chemical cycle involving eight steps that complete the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing acetyl CoA to CO2

Question 18

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 18

ATP made by enzyme catalysis by transfering a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate in catabolism

Question 19

What does G3P become after losing carboxyl group

Answer 19

Pyruvate

Question 20

Acetyl CoenzymeA

Answer 20

Entry compound for citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed by 2 carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to coenzyme

Question 21

What is acetyl CoA potential energy used for

Answer 21

Transferring the acetyl group in the carbon cycle

Question 22

Function of Cristae in mitochondria

Answer 22

Increase surface area

Question 23

Prosthetic groups

Answer 23

Non-protein parts attached to vital proteins for ETC. like coenzymes and cofactors

Question 24

Cytochromes

Answer 24

Iron containing proteins that are components of ETC

Question 25

What happens to oxygen after receiving the 2 electrons

Answer 25

It turns into water molecule

Question 26

Which protein does FADH2 add electrons to in the ETC

Answer 26

Complex 2

Question 27

ATP synthase

Answer 27

Complex membrane proteins that use chemiosmosis with energy from H+ diffusion to make atp

Question 28

Chemiosmosis

Answer 28

Energy coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of H+ gradient across membrane to drive cellular work

Question 29

How does the ETC pump H+ across msmbrane

Answer 29

Using the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH & FADH2

Question 30

Where does H+ go when energy from electrons are exerted in ETC

Answer 30

From Mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space

Question 31

Proton motive force

Answer 31

potential energy stored in a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by pumping ions across membranes during chemiosmosis

Question 32

What is the sequence of respiration flow

Answer 32

Glucose➡️NADH➡️ETC➡️proton-motive force➡️ATP

Question 33

What happens if O2 is not in ETC

Answer 33

The ETC will stop and get plugged

Question 34

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 34

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ & releasing CO2

Question 35

Lactic acid

Answer 35

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerating NAD+ but no CO2 release

Question 36

Final electron acceptor in lactic acid

Answer 36

Pyruvate

Question 37

Final electron acceptor in alcohol

Answer 37

Acetaldehyde

Question 38

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 38

Organisms that carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 39

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 39

Organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is absent

Question 40

What must happen for protein to be used as feul

Answer 40

The amino group must be removed from the amino acid

Question 41

Deanination

Answer 41

Removal of the amino group from protein

Question 42

Beta oxidation

Answer 42

Metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2 carbon fragments which enter citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

Question 43

What happens to the glycerol of fat

Answer 43

It is converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate