Chapter 6 Flashcards by Anasofia Galvez

‘Osteo’ means?

Bone

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What is Diaphysis?

The shaft of a bone

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What is Epiphysis?

The end(s) of a bone

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Articular (Hyaline) cartilage covers what part of the bones?

covers the ends of moveable bones

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What is the Medullary (Marrow) cavity?

space inside bone that contains marrow

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What is the Periosteum?

fibrous membrane that covers the outer portion of a bone
tendons attach here

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What is Endosteum?

the lining of the medullary cavity

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What is the Epiphyseal plate?

area that causes bone to elongate & becomes ossified (bone) in adults
area that contains hyaline cartilage in growing bone

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What is Osteoporosis?

Loss of bone mass, making them more susceptible to fracture. Associated with aging.

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What is a Fracture?

Any disruption in the continuity of a bone.

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What is a Osteogenic cell?

a stem cell that differentiates to become an Osteoblast

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What is an Osteoblast?

cells that lay down collagen fibers and matrix to form bone

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What is a Osteocyte?

mature osteoblast, bone cells, sense the various stressors on bone

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What is a Osteoclast?

bone dissolving cells

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What does bone marrow fill?

Spongy bone area

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What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

Red & yellow bone marrow

What is red bone marrow?

hemopoietic tissue

What is yellow bone marrow?

Adipose tissue
not hematopoietic

What is Ossification/ Osteogenesis?

formation of bone

What is remodeling?

The change of the size and shape of bones to accommodate the changing forces applied to the skeleton.

What is Interstitial growth?

Adding matrix.
When this occurs in the hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate, the bone grows in length.

What is Appositional growth?

Deposition onto the surface of bone. Increases the diameter of a bone

What is the normal range of Blood calcium?

9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL

What is Intramembranous ossification?

produces flat bones, ex. skull, clavicle, scapula
- bone develops from membranes

What is Endochondral ossification?

- hyaline cartilage matrix is laid down initially, then ossification occurs replacing this cartilage Chondral = cartilage *produces most bones* *when bones start to form everything is mostly cartilage*

What is Hypocalcemia?

low blood calcium, muscle is unable to relax, tetany

What is Hypercalcemia?

high blood calcium, nerves and muscles are slow torespond; weakness, sluggish reflexes, poss. cardiacarrest

What is Calcitriol?

- a form of vitamin D, is stimulated by absorption of UV light * this hormone raises blood calcium!!!*

How does Calcitriol raise blood calcium?

this hormone raises blood calcium by: a. Increasing absorption in the Small Intestine. b. Stimulates calcium removal from bones (Osteoclast). c. Causing the Kidney to retain calcium in the blood.

What Hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin

How does Calcitonin lower blood calcium levels?

a. Inhibiting Osteoclast. b. Stimulate Osteoblast (places calcium into bone).

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

this hormone raises the blood calcium level *released by parathyroid glands*

How does the parathyroid hormone raise blood calcium levels?

a.Stimulating Osteoclast. b.Causing the Kidneys to retain calcium in the blood. c.Stimulates the production of Calcitriol. d.Decreases Osteoblast activity.

What does an osteoclast do?

Removes calcium from bones

What does an osteoblast do?

Places calcium in bones

What is spongy bone?

loosely packed bone *usually found inside of the epiphysis*

What are Trabeculae?

thin plates of calcified tissue that provide a lattice appearance to spongy bone

What is compact bone?

densely packed bone *usually located in the outer diaphysis*

What is the matrix?

mostly Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate salt, and some calcium carbonate * The organic portion is mostly collagen*