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Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology > Section 7 Final > Flashcards

Section 7 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three different meningeal layers?

A

(Outer layer) Dura, Arachnoid, and pia mater (innermost layer)

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2
Q

Where is the epidural space located?

A

lies outside the Dura that is filled with fat and other connective tissue

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3
Q

Where is the subdural space located?

A

lies outside of the arachnoid mater, contains interstitial fluid (lymph)

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4
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

Outside of the pia

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5
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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6
Q

What’s the difference between white mater vs gray mater?

A

white matter = myelinated
gray matter= non-myelinated

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7
Q

Where is the Cervical Enlargement located?

A

located between C4 and T1 vertebrae

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8
Q

where is the Lumbar Enlargement located?

A

located between T9 and T12 vertebrae

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9
Q

Where is the Conus Medullaris located?

A

located between L1 and L2 vertebrae

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10
Q

Where does the cervical enlargement supply?

A

supplies nerves to the upper extremities

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11
Q

Where does the lumbar enlargement supply?

A

supplies nerves to the lower extremities

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12
Q

What’s the term for the end of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

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13
Q

What’s the Filum Terminale?

A

a fibrous band of Pia that extends from the Conus Medullaris to the Coccyx

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14
Q

What anchors the spinal cord?

A

Filum Terminale

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15
Q

What does the Cauda Equina contain?

A

contains the nerves that leave the spinal cord then run inferiorly to exit from lower Intervertebral foramen

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16
Q

What’s the difference between white matter in the brain vs white matter in the spinal cord?

A

White matter in the brain is located deep while white matter in the spinal cord is superficial.

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17
Q

What neuron is the Posterior (Dorsal) Root made up of?

A

made up of sensory neurons

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18
Q

Where does the dorsal root enter into?

A

the Posterior Horns

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19
Q

What is the Anterior (Ventral) Root made up of?

A

made up of motor neurons

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20
Q

Where does the anterior (ventral) root exit?

A

exits from the Anterior Horns

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21
Q

True or false. The spinal nerves are combinations of dorsal and ventral roots?

A

True

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22
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?

A

contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons

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23
Q

What are the 3 different connective tissue of spinal nerves?

A

1.Endoneurium
2.Perineurium
3.Epineurium

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24
Q

What does the Endoneurium surround?

A

surrounds individual nerve fibers

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25
What does the Perineurium surround?
surrounds bundles of nerve fibers
26
What is a Fascicle?
bundle of nerve fibers
27
What does the Epineurium surround?
surrounds a group of fascicles = Nerve
28
What’s another term for ramus?
branch
29
What does the Dorsal Ramus innervate?
innervates deep muscles and skin of the dorsal trunk
30
What does the Ventral Ramus innervate?
Innervates limb muscles, and skin of the extremities and the remaining trunk
31
What does the Meningeal Branch innervate?
reenters the spinal cord to supply innervation to spinal cord structures
32
What do the Rami Communicantes innervate?
Autonomic Nervous System innervation
33
What nerve resides within the cervical plexus and what does it innervate?
the Phrenic Nerve (C3 - C5) which innervates the Diaphragm
34
Where does the Brachial Plexus (C5 - T1) innervate?
supplies innervation to the shoulder and upper limb
35
Where does the Lumbar Plexus (L1 - L4) innervate?
supplies part of the abdominal walls, external genitalia, and part of the proximal lower limb
36
Where does the Sacral Plexus (L4 - S4) innervate?
supplies innervation to the lower limb
37
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic Nerve (L4 - S3)
38
Define reflex
a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to a particular stimulus
39
What is a reflex arc?
the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
40
What are the different components to a reflex arc?
Sensory Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Integrating Center, Motor Neuron, & Effector.
41
What is the purpose of a blood barrier?
a barrier that protects brain cells from pathogens and harmful substances
42
Which cells help reinforce the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
43
What is CSF?
a clear, colorless fluid that circulates in the Subarachnoid Space and the spaces around the Brain and spinal cord
44
What produces CSF?
produced by Ependymal Cells of the Choroid Plexus
45
True or false. Cerebral Spinal Fluid serves as a shock absorber
True
46
What are the components of the brain stem?
medulla Oblongata, Pons, midbrain, & reticular formation.
47
What is the function of the medulla Oblongata?
contains the Cardiovascular center which regulates the rate and force of the heart beat
48
What is the function of the pons?
Contains respiratory centers
49
What is the function of the midbrain?
relays information between the Pons and Diencephalon & contains reflex centers for the eye, ear, head & neck movements
50
What is the function of reticular formation?
contains the nuclei that form the Reticular Activating System (RAS) which is associated with consciousness and maintaining muscle tone
51
What are the components of the cerebellum?
Vermis, Cerebellar Cortex, & Cerebellar Medulla
52
What is the function of the cerebellum?
coordinates complex motor activity that was initiated in the Cerebrum, balance and posture
53
What are the components to the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, & Epithalamus
54
What is the function of the thalamus?
contains relay centers for impulses directed toward the cerebral cortex and other regions of the brain (except for smell) & filters information
55
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
produces hormones for the Posterior Pituitary Gland and regulates the entire Pituitary Gland & controls Autonomic Nervous System functions, i.e. temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, gland activity
56
What is the function of the epithalamus?
the Pineal Gland is located in this region and it produces Melatonin that helps promote sleep
57
What is the largest region of the brain?
Cerebrum
58
What are gyri?
folds on the surface of the Cerebrum
59
What are sulci?
shallow grooves between Gyri
60
What connects the cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
61
What does the Median Longitudinal Fissure separate?
the Cerebral hemispheres
62
What does the transverse fissure separate?
separates Cerebrum from Cerebellum
63
What does the Post-central Gyrus contain?
the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
64
What receives sensory information from the body?
Primary Somatosensory Area
65
What does the primal visual area receive?
receives impulses associated with vision (i.e. from the Retina)
66
What does the pre-central gyrus contain?
contains the Primary Motor Cortex
67
What does the primary motor area control?
controls specific motor activity for skeletal muscles
68
What is the function of Cranial nerve 1 (CN I)?
sensory nerves that delivers olfactory sensations (smell)to the brain
69
What is the function of cranial nerve 5 (CN V) ?
transmit sensory information from the face - provide motor innervation to the muscles of mastication
70
What is the function of cranial nerve 7 (CN VII)?
associated with sensory information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue - provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and glands
71
What is the function of cranial nerve 10 (CN X)?
associated with sensory information for taste in the throat, and a wide variety of visceral activity - provides motor innervation to the throat, neck, and visceral activity
72
What is the function of cranial nerve 11 (CN XI)?
associated with proprioception (position sense) in the neck - provides motor innervation to the Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles
73
What is the function of cranial nerve 12 (CN XII)?
associated with proprioception in the tongue - provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue

Bio 241: Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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