Chapter 6 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Term/Front
A
Definition/Back
2
Q
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
A
To break down large molecules and produce substantial amounts of ATP.
3
Q
What are the two distinct biochemical pathways of cellular respiration?
A
Aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
4
Q
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A
The presence or absence of oxygen.
5
Q
How much ATP is produced through anaerobic fermentation per glucose molecule?
A
Only 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
6
Q
What harmful by-products are produced during anaerobic fermentation?
A
Lactic acid in animals and ethanol in yeast and plants.
7
Q
What are the three distinct stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
A
Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
8
Q
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
A
In the cytosol of the cell.
9
Q
What is the role of mitochondria in aerobic cellular respiration?
A
They are the site of the second and third stages of aerobic cellular respiration.
10
Q
What is the first stage of aerobic cellular respiration and where does it occur?
A
The first stage is glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
11
Q
What are the products of glycolysis?
A
Glycolysis produces two ATP and two NADPH molecules.
12
Q
What happens to glucose during glycolysis?
A
Glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.
13
Q
What is the role of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
A
Glycolysis breaks down glucose and produces pyruvate and NADH, which help make more ATP in the next stages of aerobic cellular respiration.
14
Q
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
A
The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
15
Q
What is the function of the cristae in the mitochondria?
A
The cristae facilitate the function of the electron transport chain.
16
Q
How do aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis relate to each other?
A
They are not the reverse of each other but can recycle the outputs of one as inputs for the other.
17
Q
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
A
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
18
Q
What are the overall inputs and outputs of glycolysis?
A
The inputs are glucose, 2 ADP, and 2 NAD+, and the outputs are 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
19
Q
What is the main product of glycolysis?
A
The main products of glycolysis are two pyruvate molecules.
20
Q
What happens to NADH produced during glycolysis?
A
The two NADH molecules are transported to the mitochondria to deliver protons and electrons to the electron transport chain.
21
Q
What is the role of the Krebs cycle in aerobic cellular respiration?
A
The Krebs cycle generates high-energy electron and proton carriers, NADH and FADH2, and produces CO2 and ATP.
22
Q
What are the products of the Krebs cycle for every two pyruvate molecules?
A
The Krebs cycle produces CO2, 2 FADH2, and two ATP for every two pyruvate molecules.
23
Q
What is produced during the link reaction that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
A
The link reaction produces acetyl-CoA and releases carbon dioxide, along with generating NADH.
24
Q
How many CO2 molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during the Krebs cycle?
A
A total of six CO2 molecules are produced for every original glucose molecule.
25
What are the high-energy coenzymes generated during the Krebs cycle?
The high-energy coenzymes generated are NADH and FADH2.
26
How many ATP molecules are produced from one acetyl-CoA molecule during the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle produces a small amount of energy in the form of two ATP molecules for every one acetyl-CoA molecule.
27
What happens to coenzyme A after the Krebs cycle?
Coenzyme A is recycled back for use in the link reaction after the Krebs cycle.
28
What is the primary location of the Electron Transport Chain in aerobic cellular respiration?
The Electron Transport Chain occurs in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria.
29
What is generated by the energy from electrons unloaded by NADH and FADH2 during the Electron Transport Chain?
A proton gradient is generated that drives significant ATP production.
30
What happens to NADH and FADH2 during the Electron Transport Chain?
They are converted back to their NAD+ and FAD forms, which are then recycled for continued use in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
31
What is the significance of the Electron Transport Chain in aerobic cellular respiration?
It is where the majority of ATP is produced in the process.
32
What knowledge is required for VCE Biology regarding the Electron Transport Chain?
Only the inputs, outputs, and the location of the electron transport chain are required knowledge.
33
What role do enzymes play in cellular respiration?
Enzymes catalyse the reactions of cellular respiration, allowing them to proceed at significantly higher and biologically relevant rates.
34
How do coenzymes assist enzymes in cellular respiration?
Coenzymes act as assistants to enzymes, helping to facilitate the biochemical reactions necessary for cellular respiration.
35
Why is the rate of reactions in cellular respiration important?
A fast rate of reactions is crucial for cells to break down glucose and extract energy quickly enough to support various energy-dependent processes.
36
What is the significance of the wide range of enzymes in cellular respiration?
The diversity of enzymes ensures that the various biochemical reactions in cellular respiration can occur efficiently and effectively.
37
What are the three key coenzymes in cellular respiration?
ATP, NAD+, and FAD.
38
How do coenzymes cycle during cellular respiration?
Coenzymes cycle between unloaded (ADP, NAD+, FAD, CoA) and loaded (ATP, NADH, FADH2, acetyl-CoA) states.
39
When are coenzymes unloaded and loaded in cellular respiration?
Coenzymes are unloaded in reactions that need extra energy and become loaded in reactions that produce energy.
40
What is the significance of coenzyme recycling in cellular respiration?
It ensures that coenzymes can always be efficiently recycled.
41
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which cells create usable energy in the form of ATP from a series of biochemical reactions, involving the breakdown of glucose.
42
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6, a simple 6-carbon sugar molecule.
43
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate, a high energy molecule that provides energy for cellular processes when broken down.
44
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen, involving three stages that convert glucose and O2 into ATP, CO2, and water.
45
What is anaerobic fermentation?
A metabolic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen, involving glycolysis followed by reactions that convert pyruvate into lactic acid in animals or ethanol and CO2 in yeast.
46
What is the electron transport chain?
The third stage of aerobic cellular respiration, where protein complexes in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion harness energy in NADH and FADH2 to generate large amounts of ATP.
47
What is a mitochondrion?
A double-membrane-bound organelle that is the site of the second and third stages of aerobic cellular respiration.
48
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
The space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, which is the site of the Krebs cycle.
49
What are cristae?
The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, which are the site of the electron transport chain.
50
What is pyruvate?
A three-carbon molecule formed from the breakdown of glucose via glycolysis.
51
What is the role of NAD in cellular respiration?
A coenzyme that acts as a proton and electron carrier, cycling between its NAD+ and NADH forms depending on the reaction.
52
What is FAD?
A coenzyme that acts as a proton and electron carrier in cellular respiration, cycling between its FAD and FADH2 forms.
53
What is coenzyme A?
A large organic nonprotein molecule that plays a key role in modifying pyruvate to allow it to enter the Krebs cycle.
54
What is acetyl-CoA?
The product of the link reaction where pyruvate is conjugated to coenzyme A, creating the primary input into the Krebs cycle.
55
What is ATP synthase?
An enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi using the concentration gradient of H+.
56
What is anaerobic fermentation?
Anaerobic fermentation involves the breakdown of glucose and ATP production via glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, allowing for the replenishment of NAD+ for continued use in glycolysis.
57
Why is anaerobic fermentation important for cells?
It allows cells to continuously produce ATP via glycolysis by converting NADH back to NAD+ through additional reactions in the absence of oxygen.
58
What do animals produce during anaerobic fermentation?
Animals convert pyruvate to lactic acid during anaerobic fermentation.
59
What do yeast produce during anaerobic fermentation?
Yeast convert pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic fermentation.
60
Where does glycolysis occur in anaerobic fermentation?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of both animals and yeasts.
61
What happens to NADH during lactic acid fermentation in animals?
NADH is cycled back to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis.
62
What is the final product of anaerobic fermentation in yeasts?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide are the final products of anaerobic fermentation in yeasts.
63
What is the two-step process involved in ethanol fermentation?
Ethanol fermentation consists of a two-step process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
64
What role does NADH play in glycolysis during anaerobic fermentation?
NADH is cycled back to NAD+ for continued use in glycolysis during anaerobic fermentation.
65
What happens to ethanol produced in yeast fermentation?
Ethanol diffuses out of the cells, but can accumulate to toxic levels in a confined environment.
66
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation is the process of anaerobic fermentation in animals, where pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.
67
What is the chemical structure of lactic acid?
Lactic acid is a 3-carbon molecule that is the product of anaerobic fermentation in animals.
68
What is ethanol in the context of fermentation?
Ethanol is a 2-carbon alcohol molecule produced during anaerobic fermentation in yeast, bacteria, and plants.
69
What is the significance of ethanol fermentation?
Ethanol fermentation is the process in yeasts where pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
70
What is the process by which glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide?
Alcohol fermentation.
71
How do temperature and pH affect the rate of cellular respiration?
Temperature and pH affect the rate of cellular respiration by influencing enzyme activity. Optimal temperature and pH levels enhance enzyme function, while deviations can lead to reduced activity or denaturation.
72
What happens to enzymes below their optimal temperature?
Below the optimal temperature, enzymes and substrates have less kinetic energy, resulting in fewer reaction-inducing collisions and a lower rate of cellular respiration.
73
What occurs to enzymes above their optimal temperature?
Above the optimal temperature, enzymes begin to denature, leading to a rapid drop in respiration rate due to loss of enzyme function.
74
What is the typical pH of the cytoplasm, and how does it affect glycolysis?
The cytoplasm typically has a pH of around 7.2, which is optimal for the enzymes involved in glycolysis, enhancing the rate of cellular respiration.
75
How does glucose availability influence cellular respiration?
Increasing glucose availability raises the rate of cellular respiration until enzymes reach saturation, while decreasing glucose availability reduces the rate of respiration.
76
What happens to the rate of cellular respiration as glucose concentration increases?
The rate of cellular respiration increases until a maximum level is reached, after which it plateaus due to enzyme saturation.
77
How does oxygen concentration affect aerobic respiration?
Increasing oxygen concentration increases the rate of aerobic respiration until the enzymes involved are saturated.
78
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen is required for the electron transport chain to function in aerobic respiration.
79
What occurs in animals when oxygen levels are low?
Cells switch to anaerobic fermentation when oxygen levels are low.
80
How do enzyme inhibitors affect cellular respiration?
Enzyme inhibitors decrease the rate of cellular respiration by reducing enzyme activity.
81
What are competitive inhibitors?
Competitive inhibitors block substrates by binding to enzyme active sites.
82
What is the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on enzymes?
Non-competitive inhibitors bind to allosteric sites, changing enzyme shape and preventing substrate binding.
83
What is an example of a lethal enzyme inhibitor?
Cyanide is a lethal enzyme inhibitor because it irreversibly binds to cytochrome c oxidase in the electron transport chain.
84
What effect do irreversible inhibitors have on the maximum rate of reaction (Vmax)?
Irreversible inhibitors reduce the maximum possible rate of reaction (Vmax).
85
How does increasing substrate concentration affect reversible non-competitive inhibitors?
Increasing substrate concentration does not reduce the effect of reversible non-competitive inhibitors.
86
What role does allosteric reversible inhibition play in glycolysis?
Allosteric reversible inhibition, such as ATP non-competitively inhibiting phosphofructokinase, helps control glycolysis based on energy needs.
87
Why is enzyme inhibition important in metabolic pathways?
Enzyme inhibition is crucial for regulating metabolic pathways like aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
88
What happens to glycolysis when ATP levels are high?
When ATP levels are high, glycolysis is paused to match respiration rate to energy needs.
89
What is a biofuel?
Biofuels are made from organic material known as biomass, which includes plant and animal material sourced from industries like agriculture and forestry. They serve as an alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels.
90
How are biofuels made?
Biofuels are produced from biomass through fermentation, involving steps like deconstruction of biomass, enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of sugars, anaerobic fermentation to produce ethanol, and final distillation and purification.
91
What is the first step in the production of bioethanol?
The first step is deconstruction, where biomass is treated to increase its surface area for more efficient fermentation, using methods like enzyme breakdown, chemical exposure, or physical grinding.
92
What role do enzymes play in biofuel production?
Enzymes, such as amylase, break down the starch and cellulose in the broken-down biomass into glucose and other sugars through a process known as hydrolysis.
93
What is the purpose of yeast in biofuel production?
Yeast facilitates the anaerobic fermentation of sugars, producing a large amount of ethanol, which is then harnessed for biofuel.
94
What happens during the purification and dehydration step of biofuel production?
The ethanol produced is distilled by removing water, converting it into a usable form known as biofuel.
95
What is biofuel and how is it produced?
Biofuel is produced by distilling ethanol through the removal of water, making it usable as liquid fuel.
96
What are the main applications of biofuels?
Biofuels can be used as alternatives in transport, heating, energy, and cleaning.
97
What are the two main types of biofuels produced from biomass?
The two main types are bioethanol and biodiesel.
98
How is bioethanol produced?
Bioethanol is derived from the fermentation of plant sugars.
99
What is the process for producing biodiesel?
Biodiesel is produced via the formation of fatty acids from natural oils combined with short-chain alcohols.
100
Can bioethanol be used in biodiesel production?
Yes, bioethanol can be used as the short-chain alcohol in biodiesel production.
101
In what systems are biofuels often utilized?
Biofuels are often used in backup power systems and generators to keep emissions low.
102
What potential future applications do researchers see for biofuels?
Researchers see potential applications in cleaning and heating homes as biofuels become more cost-effective and efficient.
103
Created on OmniSets
https://www.omnisets.com/set/250309/
