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Patho 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular, bacteria are these

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2
Q

Difference in prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic

A

Lack formed nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles

Most have a cell envelope that contains a cell wall

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3
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria make of? What does the material do?

A

Peptidoglycans, substance not found in eukaryotes

Provides support to the cell in pressure changes

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4
Q

Pili function

A

Hair like projections that alllw bacterial to stick to surfaces and transfer genetic material between cells

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5
Q

Glycocalyx function

A

Serve to protect bacteria from phagocytosis

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6
Q

Binary fision

A

Bacterial reproduction
DNA is copied and sorted into 2 progeny cells

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7
Q

Plasmids

A

Extra normal DNA circlets where additional bacterial genes to go during binary fision

Contain genes that are capable of being transmitted to other bacterial cells

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8
Q

What affects the rate of bacterial cell division?

A

Species, nutrients, temp, pH

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9
Q

Endospores

A

Produced by several genera of bacteria

Highly durable, live for fucking forever

When conditions are permissive, they germinate and grow into vegetative bacterial cells

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10
Q

How are bacteria classified? (3)

A

Staining
- gram stain
- reflects chemistry and structure of cell wall

Cell shape

Special features
- pathogenicity
- antibiotic resistance, etc

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11
Q

Bacteria shape category: cocci

A

Circles

Ex, coccus, diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci

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12
Q

Bacteria shape category: bacilli

A

Rods

Ex. Bacillus, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, palisades

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13
Q

Bacteria shape category: budding and appendaged bacteria

A

Weird shaped mfs

Have hyphas or stalks

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14
Q

Bacteria shape category: random shaped ones

Likely not super important, dont worry till the end

A

Enlarged rod - zipper one

Vibrio - kidney shape

Helical form - RBC lookin

Corkscrew - like a popcorn twist

Spirochete - what one strand of DNA looks like

Filamentous - squiggly worm lookin

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15
Q

What does the virulence of bacteria depend on

A

Their ability to resist attack from the host defences

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16
Q

Tissue injury caused by bacteria in the host depends on:

A

Number of bacteria
Virulence
Site of infestation
Resistance of the tissue

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17
Q

Bacterial toxins classes

A

Proteins (secreted) and lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins)

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18
Q

Most important point about bacterial toxins

A

Both types of toxins are produced by a range of bacteria and diffuse into blood and otehr fluids

This allows them to act as sites distal from the site of bacterial infection

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19
Q

Toxin and action: clostridium tentanii

A

Tetanospasmin toxin

Inhibited inhibitory neurons in CNS, result in paralysis

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20
Q

Toxin and action: vibrio cholerae

A

Cholera toxin

Activation of adenylyl cyclase
- promotes intestinal secretion of fluid
- leads to diarrhea

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21
Q

Toxin and action: bordatella perussis

A

Pertussis toxin

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase
- reduced phagocytosis
- leads to whooping cough

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22
Q

Toxin and action: corynbacteria diptheriae

A

Diphtheria toxin

Inhibits protein synthesis
- cell death
- leads to tracheal pannus

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23
Q

Toxin and action: Escherichia coli

A

E. coli heat labeled protein
- similar to cholera toxin
- diarrhea

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24
Q

Toxin and action: Shigella dysenteriase and family

A

Shiga protein
- inhibits protein synthesis
- leads to diarrhea

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25
Toxin and action: Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum toxin - inhibits Ach at neuromuscular junctions - leads to flaccid paralysis Also food poisoning
26
Toxin and action: Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax toxin - cytokines secretion
27
Toxin and action: staphylococcus aureus
Exfoliatin B - leads to separation of skin layers
28
Staphylococcus aureus (shape, symptoms)
Cluster of grapes shaped Very resilient to antibiotics Causes - boils - impetigo - wound infections - pneumonia (50% mortality) - osteomyelitis - endocarditis Mainly occurs in immunocompromised people
29
Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors
Coagulase - coagulates blood and plasma Hemolysis - lyses RBCs, skeletal muscle, myocardiocytes, renal tissue
30
Staphylococcus epidermidis (shape, facts)
Cluster of balls Part of natural human flora - opportunistic pathogen Most common nosocomial infection
31
Streptococci shape
Bead like chains
32
Streptococci group A causes…
Cause tonsillitis etc Strep throat (hemolytic S. pyogenes) - can lead to rheumatic fever and glomerularnephritis
33
Streptococci group B action
Colonize the gut and gentian tract - can cause septicemia and meningitis in neonates if passed
34
Leading cause of pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
35
What antibiotic are most strep species sensitive to
Penicillin
36
Gram positive cocci
Staphylococcus aureus Staph epidermidis Streptococci both groups Strep pneumoniae
37
Neuisseria gonorrhoeae (symptoms, facts)
STI Manifests as acute urethritis Infection can spread from wherever it started (gentials, mouth, etc) and become disseminated and affect many systems
38
Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of
Epidemic meningitis
39
Gram negative cocci
Neisseria gonorroeae Neisseria meningitidis
40
Corynebacteria diphtheria
Causes diphtheria Transmitted respiratory Gram positive rod Leads to a formation of pseudomembrane in the pharynx made of dead tissue, fibrin, blood cells, and live bacteria - causes obstruction Nasty photo in the textbook of the mouth Reservoir is asymptomatic humans High mortality rate if untreated (35%)
41
Corynebacteria diphtheria causes…
Psuedomembrane buildup in mouth Myocarditis, neurological effects
42
Bacillus anthracis
Cause of anthrax Found in soil, produces endospores Transmitted usually through animals Has potent toxin
43
Three forms of anthrax and what they affect
Cutaneous - skin, low mortality Gastrointestinal - more lethal Pulmonary - caused by spore inhalation - high toxin production leads to cadiovascular shock, 80% mortality
44
Clostridia
Group of bacteria found in soil Release exotoxins, some very potent Spore forming
45
Clostridium perfringens
Causes gas gangrene Associated with septic abortion, crush injuries, compound fractures, gun wounds
46
Clostridium botulinum
A Cause of food poisoning Can cause death by resp failure Toxin paralyzed skeletal muscle - can be used therapeutically to relax muscles
47
Clostridia types (3)
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene) Clostridium botulinum (food poisoning but worse) Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
48
Clostridium tetani
Cause of tetanus aka lockjaw - organism found in soil and GI tract - enters though skin openings
49
Clostridium tetani toxin and what it does
Tetanospasmin Targets terminal synapses of NMJ, inhibiting release of glycine and GABA - leads to spastic paralysis - eventually leads to respiratory muscle paralysis and has a mortality to 40-60%
50
Pseudomonas aeriginosa
Gram negative rod Common nosocomial infection Identifiable by pus or sputum colour due to green/blue bacteria colour
51
Escherichia coli
E. Coli Common component of gut microflora There is a strain that produces toxins which we know E. coli from
52
Escherichia coli toxin
Shiga toxin Causes hemorrhagic diarrhea - in immunocompromised people can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome which causes kidney failure Common to get E. coli by eating contaminated food, stuff
53
Salmonella enterica
Causes typhoid fever - serious diarrhea Spread through fecal matter in water or food Organism attacks liver
54
Brucella
Gram negative rod Cause brucellosis - common in farm workers (direct animal contact, or respiratory) - causes acute undaluating fever, anorexia, fatigue etc Can lead to endocarditis
55
Bordetella pertussis
Causes whooping cough (very contagious) Produced pertussis toxin
56
Yersinia pestis
Bubonic plague bacteria Has reservoirs in mice and rats - passed by fleas Bacteria colonizers in lymph nodes - mainly cervical, axilla, groin - swollen nodes form pustules that erupt Bubonic form can progress to septicemic or pneumonic form Very high mortality
57
Acid-fast bacteria (and the two pathogens of interest here)
Called this due to staining properties - have waxy coating made of mycolic acid - allows bacteria to avoid phagocytosis - spread slowly - challenging to culture Two human pathogens that are acid fast - TB and leprosy - both from the mycobasteriaceae family
58
What causes TB?
Mycobacteria tuberculosis
59
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (5)
M. Tuberculosis M. Bovis M. Africanum M. Canetti M. Microti
60
Cases of TB (latent, carriers?)
1/10 are active and infectious 1/3 of those have complications About 1/4 are infected but most are latent Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
61
What happens during TB?
Colonization in lungs Phagocytosis unsuccessful due to TB being an acid-fast (waxy coated) bacteria Causes distinct form of inflammation with granulomas and caseous necrosis (primary TB)
62
Types of TB
Primary - granulomas and caseous necrosis Secondary - severe lung complications like pulmonary fibrosis or hemorrhage Extra pulmonary - when it spreads to other tissues from lungs (1 in 5) Disseminated TB 1 in 10 of those (extra pulmonary TB) cause widespread infection with granulomas in other tissues
63
TB test in at risk populations
Mantoux test - skin test to cellular immunity (type 4 HS) More definitive diagnosis is radiography
64
Treatment of TB
3 month course of antibiotics - isoniaxid + either rifampicin or rifapentine
65
Gram negative rods (6)
Pseudomonas aeriginosa Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica Brucella Bordatella pertussis Yersinia pestis
66
Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy
Causative agent of leprosy (aka Hansens disease) - relative of TB Leads to chronic inflammation (like TB), but the damage occurs in peripheral tissues like skin and mucosa of eyes and URT Transmitted by respiratory aerosol - transmission only successful if there is repeated contact and genetic susceptibility to infection - 3-5 incubation period before S/S (lesions, loss of sensation and motor strength)
67
Classifications of clinical leprosy (2)
Paucibacillary - five or less poorly pigmented numb skin patches Multibacillary - more than 5 Confirmation is done by acid fast staining or DNA detection in bacteria via samples Curable using 6 month antibiotics (Rifampicin, Dawson, clofazimine)
68
Spirochetes (3)
Gram positive rods with helical shape Leptospira, borrelia, treponema
69
Leptospiro
Carried by animals and shed in urinary tract Can manifest in fever, myalgia, pulmonary hemorrhage, meningitis, acute kidney injury Treated with doxycycline
70
Borrelia burgdorferi causes…
Lyme diseae
71
Borrelia burgdorferi
Transmitted through ticks mites and fleas Manifestations - fatigue - fever - migrates - rash where bite is - 15% experience nerve system damage Treated with antibiotic like azithromycin, doxycycline, or amoxicillin
72
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis - STI - can be transmitted vertically - untreated mortality of 50% Once inside, quickly spreads to other tissues and reaches lymph nodes in hours - primary, secondary, latent, tertiary stages
73
Treponema pallidum - primary
Primary syphilis - red Papule on infection site
74
Treponema pallidum - secondary
Secondary syphilis - symptoms arise are spirochetes distributed to lymph nodes - skin rash, fever, swollen nodes
75
Treponema pallidum - latent and tertiary
Latent - after primary and secondary - can become latent Tertiary (1/3) - organ damage resulting in retinitis, CNS complications, bone pain
76
Diagnosis of syphilis and treatment
Serological and DNA testing - mainly in the latent stage Treatment by penicillin - global challenge right now is penicillin resistant syphilis
77
78
Viroids
Short pieces of RNA, no protein coat (Hep D9
79
Prions
Misfolded porteins iwth no nucleic acid - cause holes in the brain
80
Exotoxins
Toxins produced and excreted by bacteria
81
Endo toxins
Toxins present in the cell wall of bacteria
82
Gram positive infections (4)
Anthrax Clostridia Cornyebacteria Mycobacteria
83

Patho 1 (9 decks)

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