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Patho 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do viruses need to reproduce

A

A host cell

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2
Q

Virus structure

A

Viral genome - genetic material
Nucleocapsid - casing for genes
Envelope - outer casing

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3
Q

Tissue damage is caused by viruses during the course of their…

A

Reproduction

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4
Q

Steps of virus reproduction

A

Absorption
Penetration
Reproduction

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5
Q

Viral absorption

A

Step 1 in virus reproduction

Contact and adherence to a host cell

Determines viral tropism

Cells depends on surface receptors

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6
Q

Viral penetration

A

Step 2 in reproduction of viruses

Passage through membrane

Then, 3 steps happen
- endocytosis - formation of vesicles that release genome into cell
- fusion of virus with cell membrane
Adherence and translocation to the host nucleus

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7
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Viral genome is inserted into the host genome
- each time cell replicates, the viral genome is passed on
- remains latent until permissive conditions occur for disease

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8
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Viruses in which the cell is directed to produce new viral capsid proteins and copy the viral genome

New viruses are then assembled in cytoplasm and either bud out or erupt from the cell all at once

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9
Q

Lysogenic vs lytic cycles

A

Lysogenic
- viral genome is in cell
- viral DNA passed down when cell replicated
- viral infection will occur under optimal conditions

Lytic
- host cell is forced to make new viruses in it
- viruses either leave the cell via budding or explode out all at once

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10
Q

Budding

A

Damage caused to the host cell via virus particles leaving the cell

  • disrupt membrane, causing leakage and osmotic shock often killing the cell
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11
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

Those that retain a piece of cell membrane from the host cell membrane

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12
Q

Most viral infections are limited to a…. (2)

A

Particular host and tissue type

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13
Q

Cytopathic effects of viruses

A

Cell swelling and changes in morphology due to eruption of viral particles

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14
Q

Cellular effects of viruses that insert DNA into the nucleus

A

Mutation leading to abnormal cell division changes including aphasia or hyperplasia

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15
Q

Clinical manifestations during the first few days of viral infection

A

Fever, myalgia, fatigue, rash, respiratory issues

Result of innate defence activation and release of inflammatory mediators

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16
Q

What causes clinical manifestations of viral disease

A

Cell injury drug in adsorption, reproduction, and release

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17
Q

Examples of oncogenic viruses

A

Hep B and Hep C

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18
Q

Initial defence against viral attack

A

Innate immunity

Macrophages and dendritic cells, inflammatory mediators

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19
Q

After initial response to viral attack, …

A

Adaptive immunity creates antibodies and promotes cytotoxicity in infected host cells causing apoptosis

Mediated by CD8+ cells

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20
Q

Infections caused by DNA viruses (6, 3 enveloped and 3 non enveloped)

A

Enveloped
- pox viruses
- herpesvirus
- hepadnaviruses

Non enveloped
- adenoviruses
- papovaviruses
- parcocriuses

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21
Q

Poxviruses

A

Enveloped DNA virus

Causes skin pustules
- smallpox (variola virus)
- human reservoir only

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22
Q

Herpesviruses (family + general facts about Them all)

A

Enveloped DNA viruses
Family of over 100 viruses
- herpes simplex 1 and 2
- Epstein-Barr virus
- human herpes 6 7 and 8
- cytomegalovirus

Establish latent and recurrent infection
- human reservoir
- some sensitive to antivirals
- some untreatable
- general minor infections but can be dangerous in immmunosuppressed people

  • ## transmitted from mucosa or skin contact, or respiratory
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23
Q

Herpes simplex 1 and 2 (HSV1/2)

A

Herpesvirus family (DNA enveloped)

Transmitted via mucus and skin
- cause of cold sores
- genital sores (HSV 2 mainly)
- enter through sensory nerve endings where they are latent, emerging when triggered
- triggers - fatigue, infection, X-rays, surgery, immunosupression, stress)

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24
Q

Varicella Zoster virus (VZV)

A

Herpesvirus family (DNA enveloped)
- cause of chickenpox and shingles

CP
- contagious, passed via respiratory, saliva, or pustule contact (vertically too)
- children are susceptible

Shingles
- recurrence of VZV later in life after initial stage
- painful rash and blisters
-
- heals in 2-4 weeks
- activated by immunosupression, X-rays, etc

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25
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpesvirus family (DNA enveloped) - 40-100% of people carry it - transmitted in saliva, resp mucus, milk, urine, semen - newborns/immunosupressed people are at risk of clinical manifestations - mental retardation, vision/hearing loss - common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients
26
Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
Herpesvirus family (DNA enveloped) - found everywhere in humans in lymphoid tissue and salivary glands - causes mono
27
Hepadnaviruses
Found in humans birds n apes Most important one = Hep B
28
Hepatitis B
Hepadnavirus (DNA enveloped) - transmitted in blood, semen, vag stuff - target hepatocytes - most commonly transported in childbirth - very resilient - can cause liver cirrhosis, hepatocellualr carcinoma, liver failure - high risk groups - gay men, needle users
29
Pathophysiology of hep B
Proliferation of virus in the liver - leads to loss of liver function (metabolism, toxin degradation, etc) - symptoms = malaise, nausea, dark urine, jaundice
30
Adenoviruses
non enveloped DNA virus - transmitted via secretions, airborne, fomites - infect respiratory and intestinal epithelia and conjunctiva - Lysogenic - infections common in children
31
Papovaviruses
Non enveloped DNA virus - HPV (cause of warts) (more than 100 types) - HPV 16/18 cause 70% of cervical cancer - transmitted through sexual contact
32
Otrhomyxoviruses: influenza viruses
4 types of influenza viruses ABC and D - only A and B are important in humans - has lipoprotein envelop and glycoprotein spikes
33
Classification of influenza viruse A
Hemagglutinin (1-16) and neuraminadase (1-9) HxNx May also include host of origin (duck, pig, etc) Influenza B is not divided into subtypes
34
Influenza transmission
Via aerosols and fomites - virus binds ciliated epithelial cells when it buds and it shed
35
Key trait of influenza viruses
Rapid evolution leading to variability - namely influenza A Point mutations lead to slight changes in surface proteins - antigen drift
36
Antigen drift
Slight changes in a virus of proteins or structure
37
Antigen shift
More rapidly occurring change that involves exchange of genome segments Occurs when two types of influenza A strains, leading to new hybrids
38
Paramyxoviruses
Include marbilloviruses, mumps, and respiratory syncytial virus - transmitted to resp tract - unstable outside human body - inactivated by heat, light, solvents, and acidic conditions
39
Morbillovirus
RNA virus Measles Paramyxovirus
40
Mumps virus (MuV)
Causes mumps (RNA) - paramyxovirus - spread via resp droplets
41
Rhabdoviruses
Rabies, polio, hep A
42
Rabies
Rhabdovirus (RNA) Zoonotic - transmitted via saliva, and droplets - multiplies at puncture site (bite), and migrates to CNS, then goes to salivary glands
43
Poliovirus
Rhabdovirus Cause of poliomyelitis RNA virus -transmits via fecal oral route
44
Hep A virus
Rhabdovirus (RNA) - first hepatic virus identified - transmits via fecal oral route Resilient - most cases subclinical - causes liver inflammation, jaundice, dark urine, etc
45
Coronaviruses
SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2
46
Coronaviruses are…
RNA Viruses - transmitted via resp droplets - many sub clinical
47
HIV (what is it?)
Human immunodeficiency virus Enveloped single stranded RNA virus with reverse transcriptase (retrovirus)
48
HIV is spread by
Direct transfer of virally infected bodily fluids Virus enters dendritic cells and proliferates in them, then targets CD4 cells - due to reverse transcriptase, HIV causes lytic infection May remain latent for 15 years, once CD4 cell count is low enough AIDS starts
49
50
Animal virus replication
Adsorption Penetration Duplication Assembly Release
51
Teratogenic meaning
Cross the placenta and cause disturbances in fetus
52
Herpes simplex type 1 manifestations (3)
Herpes labialis - lips - blisters Herpatic gingivostomatitis - swollen nodes, fever etc Herpetic keratitis - ocular inflammation
53
Herpes simplex type 2 manifestations
Genital herpes
54
Burkitt lymphoma
B cell malignancy - develops in cheek or jaw
55
HPV manifestations
Warts
56
Kopliks spots
Oral lesions that occur during measles infection
57
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Also called pneumovirus Fever, rhinitis, wheezing, otitis, croup Treatment: synagis (antibody), or ribavirin
58
Rubella virus type
Togavirus
59
Rubella
SsRNA with loose envelop Transmitted via resp aerosol - postnatal rubella (malaise, fever, rash) - congenital rubella (in 1st trimester, causes abnormalities)
60
Hep C transmission
Transmitted via blood contact
61
Arboviruses
Viruses spread by arthropod vectors like toga viruses Most of these cause fever n stuff, some are much worse
62
Hemorrhagic arbovirus fevers (2)
Yellow fever Dengue fever
63
Primary effects of HIV infection
- extreme leukopenia - formation of giant T cells - infected macrophages release the virus (lytic)
64
Secondary effect of HIV
Destruction of CD4 cells
65
Poliomyelitis
Polio virus Transmitted via fecal oral route If it persists, it will transmit to spinal cord and brain (muscle spasms, meningitis, hypersensitivity) Flaccid paralysis
66

Patho 1 (9 decks)

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