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AP Psychology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

receive info; bottom-up processing

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2
Q

Perception

A

interpretinfo; top-down processing

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3
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

construct perceptions based on past experiences

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4
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another

stimulus energy to neural impulses

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5
Q

Three Steps Sensory System

A

receive, transform, deliver

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

studies how we detect physical energy and how it affects us psychologically

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulus needed to detect 50% of the time

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8
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

how/when detect faint stimulus; relies on past experience

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9
Q

Priming

A

unconscious activation of associations

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10
Q

Subliminal Message

A

below one’s absolute threshold for awareness

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

2 stimulus must differ by a constant minimum percentage in order to be perceived as different; difference threshold

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12
Q

Sensory Ada[tation

A

decreased sensitivity because of constant stimulation

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13
Q

Constant Quivering

A

eyes are constantly moving to prevent sensory adaptation

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14
Q

Perceptual Set

A

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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15
Q

Context Effects

A

environment affects the way you see an image: “eel” is on a wagon- wheel is on a wagon

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16
Q

Wavelength

A

distance from peak to peak; different wavelengths= different color light

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17
Q

Pupil

A

opening in center of eye which light enters

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18
Q

Iris

A

colored portion of eye; controls size of pupil

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19
Q

Accomodation

A

eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far on retina

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20
Q

Retina’s Layers

A

receptor rods and cones; layers of neurons to process info (retina, bipolar, ganglion)

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21
Q

Fovea

A

central focal point; has cones

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22
Q

Blind Spot Location

A

where optic nerve leaves eye; at the back

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23
Q

Cones

A

fine detail and color; found in fovea and retina

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24
Q

Thalamus

A

distributes visual info to brain

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25
Feature Detectors
cells in brain that recognize shapes; faces, houses, and chairs
26
Temporal Lobe
allows you to perceive and recognize faces
27
Parallel Processing
doing many things at once; analyze scene- simultaneously process color, motion, form and depth
28
Young Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
only see green, red, and blue
29
Closure
to fill in objects to perceive as whole
30
Depth Perception
estimate objects distance from you; need two eyes
31
Retinal Disparity
binocular cue; way your left and right eye see two slightly different images ; more distance=closer
32
Relative Height
perceive objects higher in field of vision as farther away
33
Linear Perspective
parallel lines appear to meet in the distance
34
Stroboscopic Movement
perceive continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images; animation
35
The Phi Phenomenon
illusion of movement caused by a changing static image (loading symbol)
36
Perceptual Constancy
things you know stay the same (color, shape, size); ie. a door opening
37
Locke and Kant
Locke: nurture; "tabula rasa"- blank slate when born. Kant: nature; inborn
38
Critical Period
there is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development
39
Audition
``` hearing; Amy Eats Only Crunchy Apples A: auditory canal E: eardrum O: ossicles (tiny ear bones) C: cochlea A: auditory nerve ```
40
Loudness of Sounds
amplitude (height) of sound wave
41
Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
3 tiny bones in the middle ear; pick up vibrations and send them to the cochlea
42
Basilar Membrane
fluid ripples and bends hair cells
43
Eardrum
tight membrane; sends info to the auditory canal
44
Middle Ear
concentrates vibrations on cochlea's oval window
45
Place Theory
pitch depends on where the waves hit the ear; high pitches
46
Frequency Theory
how quickly basilar membrane vibrates; low pitches
47
The Volley Principle
alternate nerve firing; very high pitches
48
Locate Sounds
whichever ear it hits first
49
Four Sensations- Sense of Touch
pressure, warmth, cold, pain
50
Nociceptors
pain receptors
51
Gate-Control Theory
gate closes= don't feel pain
52
Release of Endorphins
kills pain
53
Phantom Limb Sensations
lose limb, but still feel pain in it
54
Biopsychosocial Approach
everything you smell, taste, and touch is a combo of biology, psychology, and culture
55
Umami
rich savory taste found in protein
56
Sensory Interaction
one sense has an impact on another; smell+taste most common
57
Synaesthesia
one sense triggers another; ie. see red, taste spicy
58
Olfaction
smell
59
Taste Bud Lobe
temporal lobe
60
Kinesthesis
sense of body movement, position, and balance
61
Parapsychology
study of ESP and psychokinesis
62
Orexin
triggers hunger; secreted by the hypothalamus
63
Basic Components of Emotion
bodily arousal (incr. heartrate); expressive behaviors (quickened pace); conscious experience (thoughts and feelings)
64
Motivation
need or desire that energizes behavior; instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, hierarchy of needs
65
Intellegence
qualities that enable success in own time and culture
66
Cognition
thinking; acquire mental info that guides behavior
67
Storage and Encoding
process info into memory system (encoding) and retain that info (storage)
68
Learning
acquire new info and behaviors; classic, operant, observational, cognitive
69
Developmental Psychologist
study our changing abilities from womb to tomb
70
Neuron Parts
dendrite- cell body- axon
71
Hindsight Bias
tending to believe, after learning the outcome, that you knew it all along
72
Behavioral
how we learn observable responses
73
Blindsight
person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
74
Gestalt
brain organizes cluster of sensations as a whole
75
Figure-Ground Perception
organize visual field into objects that stand out from surroundings; what you see depends what you are looking for
76
Proximity
group nearby figures together
77
Continuity
perceive lines as smooth, continuous not discontinuous

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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