Semester Exam Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Behavioral Psychology
A
how we learn observable responses
2
Q
Positive Correlation
A
+1.00
3
Q
Mode
A
most frequent
4
Q
Median
A
middle (50th percentile)
5
Q
APA Guidelines
A
1) Informed Consent
2) Protection
3) Confidentiality
4) Debrief
6
Q
Normal Distribution
A
bell curve
7
Q
Hindsight Bias
A
believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
8
Q
Cognitive Psychologists
A
study how we perceive, think, and solve problems
9
Q
Standard Deviation
A
1) 68%
2) 95%
3) 99%
10
Q
Independent Variable
A
factor that is being manipulated/studied
11
Q
Experimental Studies
A
explore cause and effect
12
Q
Placebo Effect
A
experimental results caused by expectation alone
13
Q
Statistical Interference
A
?
14
Q
Operational Definiton
A
statement of the procedures used to define research variables
15
Q
Neurons
A
nerve cell; basis of nervous system
16
Q
Acetylcholine and Dopamine
A
A: muscle action, learning; depletes memory= Alzheimer’s
D: movement, attention, and emotion; increased amounts cause schizophrenia, decreased= Parkinson’s
17
Q
Reuptake
A
sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter
18
Q
Parasympathetic/ Sympathetic Nervous System
A
S: Arouses body; increased heart rate, blood pressure; decreased digestion
P: calms body; increased digestion, decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
19
Q
Divisions of Nervous System
A
Central(brain+spinal cord) and Peripheral(somatic and autonomic(symp/para))
20
Q
Experiments
A
?
21
Q
Occipital Lobe
A
vision
22
Q
Endocrine System
A
secretes hormones
23
Q
Spinal Cord
A
pain reception; hand jerks before brain receives info of pain
24
Q
PET Scan
A
radioactive glucose
25
Sleep Apnea
temporarily stop breathing while sleeping
26
Hypnosis
one person suggests to another that certain feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
27
Alcohol Effects
slowed thinking, memory disruption, decreased self-awareness, organ damage
28
Selective Attention
awareness focuses on one minute aspect (talking on the phone while driving)
29
Phenotypic Traits
physical, visible traits; ie. hair color, eye color
30
Social Learning Theory
learn social behavior by watching others
31
Erikson's Stages
0-1: Trust VS mistrust; needs met= trust
1-3: Autonomy VS shame and doubt; do things by themselves or they will doubt themselves
3-6: Initiative VS guilt; initiate tasks or feel guilty about being independent
6-puberty: Competence VS Inferiority; pleasure of applying self to task, or feel inferior.
teen- 20's: Identity VS Role Confusion; sense of self or confused about who they are
20-40: Intimacy VS Isolation; love or isolated
40-60: Generativity VS Stagnation: contribute to world, or lack of purpose
60&Up- Integrity VS Despair: sense of satisfaction or failure w/ life
32
Critical Period
optimal period when certain events must take place to develop properly
33
Kohlberg's Theory of Morality
Preconventional- avoid punishment
Conventional- follow laws and social standards
Postconventional-basic rights and ethics
34
Primary Sex Characteristics
reproductive organs
35
Temperament
emotional reactivity
36
Authoritarian
rules+ expect obedience; strict
37
Longitudinal Studies
Pros:
Cons:
38
Who Genetically Determines the Sex of Child?
Father
39
Location of Sound
can tell by which ear it hits first
40
Size Constancy
objects have constant size @ different distances
41
Top-Down Processing
higher level thinking. Base perceptions on past experiences.
42
Linear Perspective
Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance
43
Peripheral Vision
Ability to see on the sides because of rods
44
Gestalt Theory
The whole is different than the sum of its parts.
45
Conduction Deafness
caused by damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves
46
Blind Spot
optic nerve leaves eye (no receptor cells)
47
Depth Perception
Ability to see in 3D. allows us to judge distance
48
Stimulus Discrimination
ability to distinguish between conditioned and irrelevant stimuli
49
Operant Response
behavior strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or weakened if followed by a punisher
50
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until we need it
51
Classical Conditioning
forms associations between stimuli (US, UR, CS, CR)
52
Extinction
diminishing of a conditioned response
53
Procedural Memory
skills; processed by basal ganglia
54
Heuristics
simple thinking strategy to make judgments; speedier but more error prone
55
Divergent Thinking
needed for creativity tests (how many uses for a paperclip)
56
Overgeneralization
grammatical rules
57
Priming
retrieval cues; implicit activation; rabbit=hare not hair
58
Accomodation
adapting current understandings to incorporate new info
59
Framing
way an issue is posed influences decisions/ judgments; wording effects
60
Deep Structure of Language
phonemes: smallest sound (b,ch,t)
morphemes: smallest units with meaning(pre, I)
grammar: system of rules
61
Aptiitude
prediction of future performance
62
Validity
extent to which a test actually measures or predicts what it promises (math test on math, not science)
63
Fluid Intellegence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases in late adulthood
64
Reliability
yields consistent results
65
Self-Actualization
5th need; need to live up to full potential
66
Twin Studies on Homosexuality
genes play an important role in orientation; however, they are only somewhat more likely to be gay
67
Homeostasis
maintenance of a steady internal state
68
I/O Psychology
application of psych principles to the workplace
69
Drive Theory
idea that physiological need creates a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
70
Performance Level/ Level of Arousal
difficult task=low arousal; easy task=high arousal
71
Schachter's Theory of Emotion
two-factor; physically aroused + label = emotion
72
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings
73
Instrumental Aggression
nonphysical aggression
74
Trait Theories
study specific characteristics
75
Personality Tests
Self-report questionaires
76
Sublimination
have unacceptable behavior, so channel it into acceptable behavior (redirecting behavior)
77
Freud's Theory
study from unconscious
- ID=devil
- Ego=Mediator
- Superego=angel
78
Self-Esteem
feeling of self worth
79
Social Loafing
When in a group, people don't try as hard
80
Milgram's Study of Obedience
We obey authority figures
81
Diffusion of Responsibility
```
group= assume others will help, so don't
self= help because you're the only one
```
82
Asch's Experiment
conformity; more likely to not conform if someone else doesn't conform.
83
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
you believe something is going to happen, act on that belief, comes true
84
Cognitive Dissonance
two conflicting thoughts, so you change one to go w/ actions
85
Physical Attractiveness Research
we think good looking people are dumb
86
Fundamental Attribution Error
belief that other people's behavior constant, while yours changes based on the situation.
87
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
one option w/ good and bad aspects (prom will be fun, but expensive)
88
Anxiety Disorders
OCD, Agoraphobia, PTSD, panic
89
Schizophrenia: Delusions vs. Hallucinations
thoughts vs sensory experiences
90
Somatoform Disorders
body complaints w/ no physical cause
91
Antisocial Personality Disorder
lack empathy; no guilt; serial killers or thieves
92
Bases for Development of Mental Disorder- Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud- based on unconcious
93
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
recurring unwanted thoughts lead to repetitive actions
94
Primary Prevention
stop disorders from starting
95
Light Exposure Therapy
Seasonal Affective Disorder- Depressed in winter because there is less light
96
Social Phobia
fear of public speaking or being around strangers
97
Cognitive Therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on idea that thoughts intervene between events and emotional reactions
98
Self-Help and Support Groups
based on the humanistic perspective
99
Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
shock therapy; used today to treat severe depression
100
ID
Devil
101
Ego
Mediator
102
Superego
Angel
