Chapter 6 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
Conditioning
The process of learning associations between events.
Classical Conditioning
A stimulus achieves the ability to create a response that was originally created by some other stimulus. (Pavolov’s Dog)
Stimulus
A change in the environment that is registered by the senses.
Response
The physical action that results from a stimulus.
Unconditioned
Naturally occurring (not learned or conditioned)
Conditioned
Trained (repeated over and over until it seems natural)
UCS
Unconditioned (natural) Stimulus.
UCR
Unconditioned (natural) Response
CS
Conditioned (trained) Stimulus
CR
Conditioned (trained) Response
Principles (Rules) of Classical Conditioning
- CS must come before UCS.
- Must happen close in time.
- Takes several trials
- CS must be different than what is already in the environment.
Generalization
When an animal that has learned a response to a certain stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimulus that is similar to the original.
Discrimination
When an animal that has learned a response to a certain stimulus DOES NOT respond in the same way to a new stimulus that is similar to the original.
Extinction
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a response because it is no longer followed by reinforcement.
Higher-Order Conditioning
A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were and unconditioned one.
Conditioned Emotional Response
Responses learned through the use of good and bad emotions instead of classical conditioning.
Taste Aversion
Operates differently than other conditioning. Taste-Nausea associations are almost impossible to prevent. Probably from evolution we learned to avoid foods we think will make us sick.
Operant Conditioning
Learning that is done by creating responses that are controlled by consequences
Skinner Box
Small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
What happens to the behavior when it is reinforced?
Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated as long as the reinforcement is periodically repeated.
Positive Reinforcement
Response is strengthened by a reward
Negative Reinforcement
Response is strengthened by removing an unpleasant stimulus. (If you do something, the electric shock will stop.)
Continuous vs Partial Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous reinforcement happens every time the desired response happens. Partial happens only some of the time.
