Chapter 6 Flashcards by Sophie Collongette

Natural philosophy

New ideas/methods of science

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Heliocentric universe

Sun in the center of the universe

Challenged scholasticism and Late Medieval philosophy

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The scientific revolution

Process that established the new view of the universe

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Copernicus

Transferred Ptolemaic model to heliocentric

Farther the planets are from sun= longer revolution

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Who introduced geocentrism?

Ptolemy

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What did Ptolemy write

Almagest

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What motion did Ptolemy believe the planets moved in

Epicycle (small circles)

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Brahe

Against Copernicus’s system
Idea:
Mercury + Venus= around Sun
Moon+Sun+Other planets= around Earth

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Kepler

Brahe’s assistant
Believed in heliocentricity
Elliptical movement
Book: The New Astronomy

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Galileo

Telescope to heavens
Starry Messenger &a Letters on Sunspots
Made Copernicus’s system popular

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Newton

Planets move through GRAVITY
Inertia
Opposed rationalism

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Empiricism

One must observe phenomena before attempting to explain them

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Mechanism

World is seen mechanically as an image of a clock

Moves away from divinity

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Natural knowledge

Path toward physical improvement of human beings through manipulation of nature

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Francis Bacon

Father of empiricism and experimentation in science (unearned) 
Books:
1. The advancement of learning
2. Novum organum
3. The new Atlantis
Attacked Scholasticism

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René Descartes

Analytic geometry
Deductive reasoning
1. Discourse on Method
2. Meditations

Discourse on Method

Reject scholasticism

Vernacular: French

Meditations

Deduction and rationalism

Thomas Hobbes

Most original philosopher
History of Peloponnesian War: English translation
Humans are self centered and egotistical
Absolutism

John Locke

Most influential
Criticized absolutism
Forced to flee to Holland w Charles II
Treatise of Government (trustworthy)
Humans are creatures of reason and good will

John Locke’s most influential book

Essay concerning Human Understanding
Reason and Revelation
Mind is a block tablet at birth

Most famous institution

Royal Society of London

Berlin Academy of Science

Made in 1700

Germany slowly recovering from 30 years war

Projectors

People eager to sell ideas of improvement to highest bidder

Queen Christina of Sweden

Only exception to rejection of women to science | Brought Descartes to Stockholm

Margaret Cavendish

Only woman allowed to enter Royal Society in London

Maria Winklemann

Husband and wife make astronomical team | Application to continue individual work as widow was rejected

Emilie du Châtelet

Aided Volataire | Translated Principia by Newton to French

Galileo Condemption

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres placed in Index of Prohibited Books

Blaise Pascal

Pensées Ally to Jansenist Against reason

Francis Bacon

Bible and Nature= divine revelation | Deeper understanding

John Ray

God made humans to improve the world

Witches

``` Sabbats: meetings where they filed Old widowed women= target Specific types 1. Widows 2. Midwives 3. Herbalists ```

Baroque Art

Naturalistic

Michelangelo Caravaggio

Sharp contrast of light and darkness

Louis LeNain

French peasant life

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

St Peters Basilica construction and design

Absolutism

Charles I: Banqueting Hall in palace by Peter Paul Rubens | Louis XIV: Versailles (Hall of Mirrors, Sun King)