Chapter 6 👑 Flashcards
What happens when you have a vaccination?
A small amount of dead/inactive disease is injected
White blood cells produce antibodies quickly
Memory cells know how to make them quickly
Immune to future injections by that pathogen
What is herd immunity?
When such a large percentage of the population is immune the disease is practically wiped out
What do antiseptics do?
Kill microorganisms in environment
What do antibiotics do?
Kill bacteria in body
What do antibodies do?
Produced by WBCS to destroy pathogens
what is an antigen?`
what the antibodies bind to to destroy the pathogen
what can’t you use medication against?
viruses
how do antibiotics work?
they kill or damage the bacteria cells without hurting the body’s own cells
why don’t antibiotics work against viruses?
the viruses take over the existing body cells so you can kill them without damaging the body’s own cells
how was penicillin discovered
Fleming saw that something had killed the mould developing on his culture plates, which was later found to be penicillin
what are new drugs tested for? (3)
toxicity, efficacy, dosage
what is the first stage of testing and what does it involve?
pre-clinical trials, tested on cells, tissues and animals
what is the second stage of testing and what does it involve?
clinical trials, tested in small doses on healthy volunteers
what is a double blind trial
neither the patients or doctors know who has the drug and who has the placebo
what is a placebo?
a dummy drug used to test the effect of the real one
what is a hybridoma?
a combination of lymphocytes and tumour cells
what is a monoclonal antibody?
proteins cloned from the same hybridoma to target a certain type of cell
what is a lymphocyte?
a cell that produces antibodies but cant divide
what is a tumour cell?
something that can divide but cant make antibodies
where are monoclonal antibodies used at the minute?
pregnancy tests, to diagnose diseases, treating diseases, research and measuring and monitoring
what is the magic bullet theory for cancer treatment?
Monoclonal antibodies will bind to the specific antigens found on cancer cells. so by attaching a drug to them, they act like a bullet and target specifically the cancer cells
what are the three ways in which monoclonal antibodies kill cancer cells?
block receptors so tumour stops growing
the magic bullet theory with drugs
they trigger the immune system to target the cancer cells
advantages of monoclonal antibodies (3)
bind directly to desired pathogen
healthy cells not affected
can be used to treat a wide range of conditions
disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies (3)
progress is slow, expensive and difficult
the mouse antibodies triggered an immune response
there is the danger of the tumour cell rapidly growing to make cancer
