Chapter 6

Question 1

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

3 Key Functions of Memory

Answer 2

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 3

a function of memory; the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

a function of memory; the process of maintaining information in memory over time

Answer 4

Storage

Question 5

a function of memory, the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Answer 5

Retrieval

Question 6

3 Types of Encoding

Answer 6

Semantic
Visual Imagery
Organizational

Question 7

a type of encoding; the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory; greatly enhances long term retention

Answer 7

Semantic Encoding

Question 8

a type of encoding; the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures; visual and verbal mental placeholders

Answer 8

Visual Imagery

Question 9

a type of encoding; the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

Answer 9

Organizational Encoding

Question 10

3 Kinds of Memory Storage

Answer 10

Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory

Question 11

a type of memory storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less; two types: iconic memory and echoic memory

Answer 11

Sensory Memory

Question 12

a type of memory storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

Answer 12

Short Term Memory

Question 13

a type of memory storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity limit

Answer 13

Long Term Memory

Question 14

the process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it

Answer 14

Rehearsal

Question 15

an effect where the first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle.

Answer 15

Serial Position Effect

Question 16

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in short-term memory.

Answer 16

Chunking

Question 17

maintenance of information in short-term storage; has two subsystems: one for visual images and one for verbal information; the episodic buffer combines these; the central executive coordinates the subsystems and the episodic buffer

Answer 17

Working Memory

Question 18

the inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store

Answer 18

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 19

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date

Answer 19

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 20

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

Answer 20

Consolidation

Question 21

the process whereby memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled

Answer 21

Reconsolidation

Question 22

a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

Answer 22

Long-term Potentiation

Question 23

the process of bringing to mind information that has already been encoded and stored; perhaps one of the most important of all memory processes

Answer 23

Retrieval

Question 24

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

Answer 24

Retrieval Cue

Question 25

a principle that states a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Answer 25

Encoding Specificity Principle

Question 26

the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Answer 26

State-dependent Retrieval

Question 27

the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

Answer 27

Transfer-appropriate Processing

Question 28

a process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

Answer 28

Retrieval-induced Forgetting

Question 29

2 Types of Memories

Answer 29

Explicit Memory | Implicit Memory

Question 30

a type of memory where people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

Answer 30

Explicit Memory

Question 31

a type of memory where past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

Answer 31

Implicit Memory

Question 32

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice; "knowing how" to do things

Answer 32

Procedural Memory

Question 33

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or an object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

Answer 33

Priming

Question 34

Two Types of Priming

Answer 34

Perceptual | Conceptual

Question 35

a type of priming; reflects implicit memory for sensory features of an item

Answer 35

Perceptual Priming

Question 36

a type of priming; reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word

Answer 36

Conceptual Priming

Question 37

Two Types of Explicit Memory

Answer 37

Semantic | Episodic

Question 38

a type of explicit memory; a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Answer 38

Semantic Memory

Question 39

a type of explicit memory; the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Answer 39

Episodic Memory

Question 40

generating creative ideas by combining different types of information in new ways

Answer 40

Divergent Creative Thinking

Question 41

how people remember in groups

Answer 41

Collaborative Memory

Question 42

the combined recall of several individuals recalling target items on their own

Answer 42

Nominal Group

Question 43

the same number of individuals working together recall fewer items than they would on their own

Answer 43

Collaborative Inhibition

Question 44

when each member of a couple remembers certain kinds of information that they can share with the other

Answer 44

Collaborative Remembering or Transactive Memory

Question 45

Seven Sins of Memory

Answer 45

``` Transience Absentmindedness Blocking Memory Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistence ```

Question 46

a sin of memory; forgetting what occurs with the passage of time; occurs during storage phase of memory, after encoding, before retrieval; most forgetting occurs soon after the event occurs, increasingly less forgetting as more time passes.

Answer 46

Transience

Question 47

situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

Answer 47

Retroactive Interference

Question 48

situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

Answer 48

Proactive Interference

Question 49

a sin of memory; a lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

Answer 49

Absentmindedness

Question 50

remembering to do things in the future

Answer 50

Prospective Memory

Question 51

a sin of memory; a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it; occurs for names of people and places

Answer 51

Blocking

Question 52

a sin of memory; assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source; could be the cause of deja vu experiences

Answer 52

Memory Misattribution

Question 53

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before

Answer 53

False Recognition

Question 54

a sin of memory; the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into person recollections; social pressure enhances this

Answer 54

Suggestibility

Question 55

a sin of memory; the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences; people remember the past as they want to rather than how it actually was

Answer 55

Bias

Question 56

the bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present

Answer 56

Consistency Bias

Question 57

the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

Answer 57

Change Bias

Question 58

a special case of change bias; the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good

Answer 58

Egocentric Bias

Question 59

a sin of memory; the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget; occurs after traumatic incidents

Answer 59

Persistence

Question 60

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

Answer 60

Flashbulb Memories