Chapter 6 Flashcards
Anatomy
Definition:
The study of human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
Physiology
Definition:
The study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures.
-ology
Definition:
Word ending meaning study of.
Cells
Definition:
Basic units of all living things—from bacteria to plants to animals, including human beings.
nucleus
Definition:
Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell; plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism.
protoplasm
Definition:
A colorless, jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present.
cytoplasm
Definition:
The protoplasm of a cell; the watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus of the cell and is needed for growth, reproduction, and self-repair.
cell membrane
Definition:
A cell part that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.
Mitosis
Definition:
The usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells.
Tissue
Definition:
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
adipose tissue
Definition:
The technical term for fat; it gives smoothness and contour to the body.
Connective tissue
Definition:
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat (see adipose tissue).
Muscle tissue
Definition:
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body.
Epithelial tissue
Definition:
A protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, the tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.
Organs
Definition:
Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals
Body systems
Definition:
Also known as systems; groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.
Nerve tissue
Definition:
Tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.
Respiratory
Definition:
Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; makes blood and oxygen available to body structures through respiration (breathing) and eliminating carbon dioxide.
Digestive (gastrointestinal)
Definition:
Also known as gastrointestinal system; the body system that is responsible for breaking down foods into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs.
skeletal system
Definition:
Forming the physical foundation of the body, it composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints.
joint
Definition:
A connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.
skull
Definition:
Skeleton of the head; divided into two parts: cranium and facial skeleton.
Cranium
Definition:
An oval, bony case that protects the brain.
Facial skeleton
Definition:
The framework of the face; composed of 14 bones
Parietal bones
Definition:
Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium.
Occipital bone
Definition:
The hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape
Frontal bone
Definition:
The bone that forms the forehead.
Temporal bones
Definition:
Bones that form the sides of the head in the ear region.
Ethmoid bone
Definition:
Light, spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities.
Sphenoid bone
Definition:
Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together.
Nasal bones
Definition:
Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
Lacrimal bones
Definition:
Small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets).
Zygomatic bones
Definition:
Also known as malar bones (MAY-lur BOHNS) or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks.
Maxillae
Definition:
Singular: maxilla. Bones of the upper jaw.
Mandible
Definition:
Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face.
Hyoid bone
Definition:
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.
Cervical vertebrae
Definition:
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.
Scapula
Definition:
Also known as shoulder blade; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder. There are two scapulae.
Ribs
Definition:
Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax.
Thorax
Definition:
Also known as chest or pulmonary trunk (PUL-muh-nayr-ee TRUNK); consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
Humerus
Definition:
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.
Clavicle
Definition:
Also known as collarbone; the bone that joins the sternum and scapula.
Sternum
Definition:
Also known as breastbone; flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs.
Radius
Definition:
Smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm) on the same side as the thumb.
Ulna
Definition:
Inner and larger bone in the forearm (lower arm); attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.
Phalanges
Definition:
Singular: phalanx. Also known as digits; bones of the fingers or toes; one of the three subdivisions of the foot. The other two subdivisions are the tarsal and metatarsal.
Carpus
Definition:
Also known as wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
Metacarpus
Definition:
Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges.
Fibula
Definition:
Smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The fibula may be visualized as a bump on the little-toe side of the ankle.
Femur
Definition:
Heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee.
Tibia
Definition:
Larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The tibia may be visualized as a bump on the big-toe side of the ankle.
Talus
Definition:
Also known as ankle bone; one of three bones that comprise the ankle joint. The other two bones are the tibia and fibula.
Patella
Definition:
Also known as accessory bone or kneecap; forms the kneecap joint.
Metatarsal
Definition:
One of three subdivisions of the foot; long and slender bones, similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The other two subdivisions are the tarsal and phalanges.
Tarsal
Definition:
One of three subdivisions of the foot. There are seven bones—talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid. The other two subdivisions are the metatarsal and the phalanges.
muscular system
Definition:
The body system that covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place; the muscular system contracts and moves various parts of the body.
Belly
The middle part of the muscle.
Origin
Definition:
The part of the muscle that does not move; attached closest to the skeleton.
Insertion
Definition:
The movable part of the muscle that is farthest from the skeleton.
Epicranius
Definition:
Also known as occipitofrontalis; the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.
Occipitalis
Definition:
Back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward.
Frontalis
Definition:
Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
Platysma muscle
Definition:
Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip.
Epicranial aponeurosis
Definition:
Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles
Corrugator muscle
Definition:
Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi muscles that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Definition:
Ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes.
Sternocleidomastoideus
Definition:
Muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head
Procerus muscle
Definition:
Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Definition:
Thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid.
Levator anguli oris muscle
Definition:
Also known as caninus muscle; muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.
Buccinator muscle
Definition:
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
Definition:
Also known as quadratus labii inferioris muscle; muscle surrounding the lower lip; lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as in expressing sarcasm.
Orbicularis oris muscle
Definition:
Flat band of muscle around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.
Levator labii superioris muscle
Definition:
Also known as quadratus labii superioris muscle; muscle surrounding the upper lip. It elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.
Mentalis muscle
Definition:
Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.
Triangularis muscle
Definition:
Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth.