Chapter 6 Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Definition:
The study of human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
2
Q
Physiology
A
Definition:
The study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures.
3
Q
-ology
A
Definition:
Word ending meaning study of.
4
Q
Cells
A
Definition:
Basic units of all living things—from bacteria to plants to animals, including human beings.
5
Q
nucleus
A
Definition:
Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell; plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism.
6
Q
protoplasm
A
Definition:
A colorless, jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present.
7
Q
cytoplasm
A
Definition:
The protoplasm of a cell; the watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus of the cell and is needed for growth, reproduction, and self-repair.
8
Q
cell membrane
A
Definition:
A cell part that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.
9
Q
Mitosis
A
Definition:
The usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells.
10
Q
Tissue
A
Definition:
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
11
Q
adipose tissue
A
Definition:
The technical term for fat; it gives smoothness and contour to the body.
12
Q
Connective tissue
A
Definition:
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat (see adipose tissue).
13
Q
Muscle tissue
A
Definition:
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body.
14
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Definition:
A protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, the tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.
15
Q
Organs
A
Definition:
Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals
16
Q
Body systems
A
Definition:
Also known as systems; groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.
17
Q
Nerve tissue
A
Definition:
Tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.
18
Q
Respiratory
A
Definition:
Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; makes blood and oxygen available to body structures through respiration (breathing) and eliminating carbon dioxide.
19
Q
Digestive (gastrointestinal)
A
Definition:
Also known as gastrointestinal system; the body system that is responsible for breaking down foods into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs.
20
Q
skeletal system
A
Definition:
Forming the physical foundation of the body, it composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints.
21
Q
joint
A
Definition:
A connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.
22
Q
skull
A
Definition:
Skeleton of the head; divided into two parts: cranium and facial skeleton.
23
Q
Cranium
A
Definition:
An oval, bony case that protects the brain.
24
Q
Facial skeleton
A
Definition:
The framework of the face; composed of 14 bones
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Parietal bones
Definition:
| Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium.
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Occipital bone
Definition:
| The hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape
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Frontal bone
Definition:
| The bone that forms the forehead.
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Temporal bones
Definition:
| Bones that form the sides of the head in the ear region.
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Ethmoid bone
Definition:
| Light, spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities.
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Sphenoid bone
Definition:
| Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together.
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Nasal bones
Definition:
| Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
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Lacrimal bones
Definition:
| Small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets).
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Zygomatic bones
Definition:
| Also known as malar bones (MAY-lur BOHNS) or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks.
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Maxillae
Definition:
Singular: maxilla. Bones of the upper jaw.
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Mandible
Definition:
| Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face.
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Hyoid bone
Definition:
| U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.
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Cervical vertebrae
Definition:
| The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.
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Scapula
Definition:
| Also known as shoulder blade; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder. There are two scapulae.
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Ribs
Definition:
| Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax.
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Thorax
Definition:
Also known as chest or pulmonary trunk (PUL-muh-nayr-ee TRUNK); consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
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Humerus
Definition:
| Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.
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Clavicle
Definition:
| Also known as collarbone; the bone that joins the sternum and scapula.
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Sternum
Definition:
| Also known as breastbone; flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs.
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Radius
Definition:
| Smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm) on the same side as the thumb.
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Ulna
Definition:
| Inner and larger bone in the forearm (lower arm); attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.
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Phalanges
Definition:
Singular: phalanx. Also known as digits; bones of the fingers or toes; one of the three subdivisions of the foot. The other two subdivisions are the tarsal and metatarsal.
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Carpus
Definition:
Also known as wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
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Metacarpus
Definition:
| Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges.
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Fibula
Definition:
Smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The fibula may be visualized as a bump on the little-toe side of the ankle.
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Femur
Definition:
| Heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee.
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Tibia
Definition:
Larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The tibia may be visualized as a bump on the big-toe side of the ankle.
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Talus
Definition:
Also known as ankle bone; one of three bones that comprise the ankle joint. The other two bones are the tibia and fibula.
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Patella
Definition:
| Also known as accessory bone or kneecap; forms the kneecap joint.
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Metatarsal
Definition:
One of three subdivisions of the foot; long and slender bones, similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The other two subdivisions are the tarsal and phalanges.
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Tarsal
Definition:
One of three subdivisions of the foot. There are seven bones—talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid. The other two subdivisions are the metatarsal and the phalanges.
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muscular system
Definition:
The body system that covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place; the muscular system contracts and moves various parts of the body.
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Belly
The middle part of the muscle.
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Origin
Definition:
| The part of the muscle that does not move; attached closest to the skeleton.
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Insertion
Definition:
| The movable part of the muscle that is farthest from the skeleton.
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Epicranius
Definition:
Also known as occipitofrontalis; the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.
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Occipitalis
Definition:
| Back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward.
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Frontalis
Definition:
Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
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Platysma muscle
Definition:
Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip.
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Epicranial aponeurosis
Definition:
| Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles
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Corrugator muscle
Definition:
Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi muscles that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
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Orbicularis oculi muscle
Definition:
| Ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes.
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Sternocleidomastoideus
Definition:
| Muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head
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Procerus muscle
Definition:
| Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.
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Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Definition:
| Thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid.
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Levator anguli oris muscle
Definition:
| Also known as caninus muscle; muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.
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Buccinator muscle
Definition:
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.
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Depressor labii inferioris muscle
Definition:
Also known as quadratus labii inferioris muscle; muscle surrounding the lower lip; lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as in expressing sarcasm.
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Orbicularis oris muscle
Definition:
| Flat band of muscle around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.
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Levator labii superioris muscle
Definition:
Also known as quadratus labii superioris muscle; muscle surrounding the upper lip. It elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.
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Mentalis muscle
Definition:
| Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.
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Triangularis muscle
Definition:
| Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth.
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Risorius muscle
Definition:
| Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning.
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Zygomaticus major muscles
Definition:
Muscles on both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth. These muscles pull the mouth backward, upward, and outward, as when you are laughing or smiling.
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Zygomaticus minor muscles
Definition:
Muscles on both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the upper lips. These muscles pull the upper lip backward, upward, and outward, as when you are smiling.
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Latissimus dorsi
Definition:
| Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back
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pectoralis minor
Definition:
| Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
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Pectoralis major
Definition:
| Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
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Serratus anterior
Definition:
| Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm.
84
Bicep
Definition:
| Muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow.
85
Trapezius
Definition:
Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm.
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Tricep
Definition:
| Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.
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Deltoid
Definition:
| Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
88
Extensors
Definition:
| Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.
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Pronator
Definition:
| Muscle that turns the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.
90
Flexor
Definition:
| Extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist.
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Adductors
Definition:
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity.
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Supinator
Definition:
| Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.
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Abductors
Definition:
| Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity.
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Extensor hallucis longus
Definition:
| Muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot.
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Tibialis anterior
Definition:
| Muscle that covers the front of the shin; bends the foot upward and inward.
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Extensor digitorum longus
Definition:
| Muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes.
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Peroneus longus
Definition:
| Muscle that covers the outer side of the calf; inverts the foot and turns it outward.
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Peroneus brevis
Definition:
| Muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula. It bends the foot down and out.
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Flexor digiti minimi
Definition:
| Muscle that moves the little toe.
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Gastrocnemius
Definition:
| Muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down.
101
Soleus
Definition:
| Muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down.
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Flexor digitorum brevis
Definition:
| Muscle that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing.
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Abductor hallucis
Definition:
| Muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes.
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Abductor digiti minimi
Definition:
| Muscle that separates the fingers and the toes.
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nervous system
Definition:
Body system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems of the body and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently.
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neurology
Definition:
| Scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Definition:
Abbreviated PNS; system of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system; it has both sensory and motor nerves.
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central nervous system (CNS)
Definition:
| Abbreviated CNS; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
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brain
Definition:
Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; it is the largest and most complex nerve tissue and controls sensation, muscles, activity of glands, and the power to think, sense, and feel.
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spinal cord
Definition:
Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain and extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk. It is protected by the spinal column.
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autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Definition:
Abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing.
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Sensory nerves
Definition:
Also known as afferent nerves (AAF-eer-ent NURVS); carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, sound, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.
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Nerves
Definition:
Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
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reflex
Definition:
Automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord.
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Motor nerves
Definition:
| Also known as efferent nerves; carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands.
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fifth cranial nerve
Definition:
Also known as trifacial nerve or trigeminal nerve; the chief sensory nerve of the face that serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing.
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Ophthalmic nerve
Definition:
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies impulses to the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage.
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Mandibular nerve
Definition:
| Affects the muscles of the chin, lower lip, and external ear
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Maxillary nerve
Definition:
| Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies impulses to the upper part of the face.
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seventh cranial nerve
Definition:
Also known as facial nerve; is the chief motor nerve of the face. Its divisions and their branches supply and control all the muscles of facial expression. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.
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Buccal nerve
Definition:
| Branch of the seventh cranial nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth.
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Temporal nerve
Definition:
Branch of the seventh cranial nerve that affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek.
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Posterior auricular nerve
Definition:
| Branch of the seventh cranial nerve that affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull.
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Cervical nerves
Definition:
Branches of the seventh cranial nerve; originate at the spinal cord and affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
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Marginal mandibular nerve
Definition:
| Branch of the seventh cranial nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.
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eleventh cranial nerve
Definition:
| Also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles.
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Digital nerve
Definition:
| Sensory–motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers.
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Median nerve
Definition:
Sensory–motor nerve that is smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves and that, with its branches, supplies the arm and hand.
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Radial nerve
Definition:
| Sensory–motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand.
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Sciatic nerve
Definition:
Largest and longest nerve in the body; it passes through the gluteal region into the thigh, where it branches into smaller nerves. Pain from injury or compression of the sciatic nerve can radiate throughout the abdomen and be sensed in the lower back, hip, or lower abdomen
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Ulnar nerve
Definition:
| Sensory–motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.
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Tibial nerve
Definition:
A division of the sciatic nerve that passes behind the knee. It subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel, and underside of the toes.
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Common peroneal nerve
Definition:
A division of the sciatic nerve that extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches.
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Deep peroneal nerve
Definition:
Also known as anterior tibial nerve; it extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles. It supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes.
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Superficial peroneal nerve
Definition:
Also known as musculocutaneous nerve (MUS-kyoo-loh-kyoo-TAY-nee-us NURV); extends down the leg, just under the skin, supplying impulses to the muscles and the skin of the leg, as well as to the skin and toes on the top of the foot, where it becomes the dorsal nerve.
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dorsal nerve
Definition:
Also known as dorsal cutaneous nerve; a nerve that extends up from the toes and foot, just under the skin, supplying impulses to toes and foot, as well as the muscles and skin of the leg, where it becomes the superficial peroneal nerve.
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Saphenous nerve
Definition:
| Nerve of the leg that supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the leg and foot.
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Sural nerve
Definition:
| Nerve of the lower leg that supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg.
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circulatory system
Definition:
Also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system; The body system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
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heart
Definition:
| Muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.
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Pulmonary circulation
Definition:
The system that takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and waste removal and then returns that blood to the heart (left atrium) so oxygen-rich blood can be delivered to the body.
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blood vessels
Definition:
| Tube-like structures that include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
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Systemic circulation
Definition:
Also known as general circulation; system that carries the oxygen-rich blood from the heart throughout the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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Arteries
Definition:
| Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles.
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aorta
Definition:
| The largest artery in the body.
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Arterioles
Definition:
| Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
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Capillaries
Definition:
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the venules. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.
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Venules
Definition:
Small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into veins.
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Veins
Definition:
Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; veins contain cup-like valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent blood from flowing backward.
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Blood
Definition:
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.
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common carotid arteries
Definition:
| Main arteries that supply blood to the head, face, and neck.
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internal carotid artery
Definition:
| Artery that supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear.
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Supraorbital artery
Definition:
| Branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies blood to the upper eyelid and forehead.
154
external carotid artery
Definition:
| Artery that supplies blood to the anterior (front) parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and sides of the head.
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facial artery
Definition:
Also known as external maxillary artery; branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and nose.
156
Infraorbital artery
Definition:
| Branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the eye.
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Submental artery
Definition:
| Branch of the facial artery that supplies blood to the chin and lower lip.
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Inferior labial artery
Definition:
| Branch of the facial artery that supplies blood to the lower lip.
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superficial temporal artery
Definition:
A continuation of the external carotid nerve artery; supplies blood to the muscles of the front, side, and top of the head.
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Superior labial artery
Definition:
| Branch of the facial artery that supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose.
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Angular artery
Definition:
| Branch of the facial artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose.
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Parietal artery
Definition:
| Branch of the superficial temporal artery that supplies blood to the side and crown of the head.
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Frontal artery
Definition:
| Branch of the superficial temporal artery that supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids.
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Middle temporal artery
Definition:
| Branch of the superficial temporal artery that supplies blood to the temples.
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Transverse facial artery
Definition:
| Branch of the superficial temporal artery that supplies blood to the skin and masseter muscle.
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occipital artery
Definition:
Branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown.
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Anterior auricular artery
Definition:
| Branch of the superficial temporal artery that supplies blood to the front part of the ear.
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posterior auricular artery
Definition:
Branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the scalp, the area behind and above the ear, and the skin behind the ear.
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external jugular vein
Definition:
| Vein located at the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck.
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internal jugular vein
Definition:
| Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck.
171
ulnar artery
Definition:
| Artery, along with numerous branches, that supplies blood to the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.
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radial artery
Definition:
Artery, along with numerous branches, that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand; supplies blood to the muscles of the skin, hands, fingers, wrist, elbow, and forearm.
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Posterior tibial artery
Definition:
One of the popliteal arteries (the other is the anterior tibial artery) that supplies blood to the ankle and the back of the lower leg.
174
popliteal artery
Definition:
Artery that supplies blood to the foot; divides into two separate arteries known as the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery.
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Anterior tibial artery
Definition:
One of the popliteal arteries (the other is the posterior tibial artery) that supplies blood to the lower leg muscles and to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes. This artery continues to the foot where it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery.
176
dorsalis pedis artery
Definition:
| Artery that supplies blood to the foot.
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lymphatic/immune system
Definition:
The body system that consists of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels. It carries waste and impurities away from the cells and protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.
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Lymph
Definition:
Clear fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces (lymphatics) of the body. Lymph helps carry wastes and impurities away from the cells before it is routed back to the circulatory system.
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lymph capillaries
Definition:
| Blind-end tubes that are the origin of lymphatic vessels.
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integumentary system
Definition:
The body system that consists of skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails; it serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature.
181
Lymph nodes
Definition:
| Gland-like structures found inside lymphatic vessels; filter the lymphatic vessels and help fight infection.
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endocrine system
Definition:
The body system consisting of a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual functions, and health of the entire body.
183
Endocrine glands
Definition:
Also known as ductless glands; glands such as the thyroid and pituitary gland that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream.
184
Glands
Definition:
| Organs that remove and release certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds.
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Hormones
Definition:
Secretions, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen, that stimulate functional activity or other secretions in the body. Hormones influence the welfare of the entire body.
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Exocrine glands
Definition:
Also known as duct glands; they produce a substance that travels through small, tube-like ducts. Sweat glands and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.
187
Pineal gland
Definition:
| Endocrine system gland that plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism.
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Pituitary gland
Definition:
The most complex organ of the endocrine system. This gland affects almost every physiologic process of the body: growth, blood pressure, contractions during childbirth, breast-milk production, sexual organ functions in both women and men, thyroid gland function, and the conversion of food into energy (metabolism).
189
Thyroid gland
Definition:
Gland of the endocrine system that controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
190
reproductive system
Definition:
The body system that includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in the male. This system performs the function of producing offspring and passing on the genetic code from one generation to another.
