Chapter 6 Anti- Infective Agents

Question 1

• is a type of medication or substance that helps to prevent or treat infection

Answer 1

Anti-infective agent

Question 2

Nonsporulating microorganisms (65⁰
-100⁰C)

Answer 2

Pasteurization

Question 3

Kills all types including spores

Answer 3

Sterilization

Question 4

Reduction to a level acceptable for public health

Answer 4

Sanitation

Question 5

On inanimate objects

Answer 5

Disinfection

Question 6

Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms

Answer 6

Decontamination

Question 7

Apply to living tissue

Answer 7

Antisepsis

Question 8

anti-infective agents that are used locally

Answer 8

Germicides

Question 9

introduced phenol (carbolic acid)

Answer 9

Joseph Lister

Question 10

Discover Salvarsan (compound 606), Selective toxicity

Answer 10

Paul Ehrlich

Question 11

introduced antiseptic principles for use in surgery and posttraumatic injury

Answer 11

Joseph Lister (1876)

Question 12

—-discovered Compound606 (also known as arsphenamine, salvarsan), an antisyphylitic agent

Answer 12

Paul Ehrlich

Question 13

Dyes such as—- and —— were used as anti- infectives

Answer 13

Gentian Violet and Methylene blue

Question 14

the property of certain chemicals to kill one type of organism while not harming the other

Answer 14

Selective Toxicity

Question 15

are compounds that kill (-cidal) or prevent the growth (-static) of microorganisms when applied to living tissue

Answer 15

Antiseptics

Question 16

are compounds that kill (-cidal) or prevent the growth (-static) of microorganisms when applied to living tissue

Answer 16

Antiseptics

Question 17

application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection

Answer 17

Antisepsis

Question 18

destruction or marked reduction in the number of activity of microorganisms

Answer 18

Decontamination

Question 19

destruction or marked reduction in the number of activity of microorganisms

Answer 19

Decontamination

Question 20

Most abuse recreational drug

Answer 20

Ethanol

Question 21

Two functional group that is widely use as antiseptic and disinfectant

Answer 21

Alcohol and aldehyde

Question 22

Drugs that is use for treating chronic alcoholism

Answer 22

DISULFIRAM

Question 23

Methanol is also known as

Answer 23

Wood alcohol

Question 24

Ethanol is also known as

Answer 24

Alcohol USP, Grain alcohol, wine spirit, Spiritus vini rectificatus

Question 26

Alcohol USP Antidote:

Answer 26

antidote: DISULFIRAM

Question 28

• ethanol that has been rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances • completely denatured alcohol contains added methanol (wood alcohol) and benzene and is unsuitable for either internal or external use (eye toxicity and bone marrow toxicity/ leukemia, respectively

Answer 28

Denatured Alcohol

Question 29

• ethanol treated with one or more substances so that its use may be permitted for a specialized purpose • Ex: iodine in alcohol for tincture of iodine, methanol, and other substances in mouthwashes and aftershave lotions, and methanol in alcohol for preparing plant extracts

Answer 29

Specially denatured alcohol

Question 30

• external as an antiseptic, preservative, mild counterirritant, or solvent

Answer 30

Primary uses of alcohol

Question 31

• usually contains 70% ethanol • astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant, mild local anesthetic (results from the evaporative refrigerant action of alcohol when applied to skin) • has been injected near nerves and ganglia to alleviate pain • has low narcotic potency and has been used internally in diluted form as mild sedative, a weak vasodilator and a carminative

Answer 31

Rubbing Alcohol

Question 32

- causes N & V, and vasodilatory flushing

Answer 32

Acetaldehyde

Question 33

- preparations containing ethanol as the sole solvent

Answer 33

Spirits

Question 34

- hydroalcoholic mixtures

Answer 34

Tinctures

Question 36

- contain alcohol as cosolvent

Answer 36

Fluidextracts

Question 37

70% - acceptable bactericidal concentration • 60 - 95% - does not have any significant difference in bactericidal action • 60% - also effective but requires longer contact time • 70% - can be used safely for preoperative sterilization of the skin

Question 38

• or Absolute alcohol • contains not less than 99% ethanol by weight

Answer 38

Dehydrated Alcohol

Question 40

• primarily used to disinfect the skin and surgical instruments • rapidly bactericidal in the concentration range of 50% to 95% • a 40% concentration is considered to be equal in antiseptic power to a 60% ethanol • 2-propanol

Answer 40

Isopropyl Alcohol

Question 41

• C2H4O • used to sterilize temperature￾sensitive medical equipment and certain pharmaceuticals that cannot be autoclaved • MOA: ALKYLATION of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins by nucleophilic ring opening forms explosive mixtures in air at concentrations ranging from 3% to 80% by volume • explosion hazzard is eliminated when gas is mixed with sufficient concentrations of carbon dioxide - Carboxide® • carcinogenic

Answer 41

Ethylene Oxide

Question 43

• contains not less than 37% of formaldehyde with methanol added to retard polymerization • disinfectant, embalming fluid • MOA: direct and nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional functional groups of proteins

Answer 43

Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)

Question 44

• sterilizing solution for equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved (for 30 mins)

Answer 44

Glutarol/ Glutaraldehyde (Cidex®)

Question 45

• the standard to which most germicidal substances are compared

Answer 45

Phenol, USP

Question 46

- defined as the ratio of a disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of bacterium Salmonella typhi - under carefully controlled conditions over a given period MOA • Denature bacterial proteins at low concentrations • Lysis of bacterial cell membranes occurs at higher concentrations

Answer 46

Phenol Coefficient

Question 48

• Carbolic Acid • was introduced as a surgical antiseptic by Joseph Lister • its use as either an antiseptic or disinfectant & is largely obsolete (Phenolated Calamine Lotion) • exhibits germicidal action, caustic to skin, exerts local anesthetic effects

Answer 48

PHENOL

Question 49

• simply phenol containing 10% water

Answer 49

Liquefied Phenol

Question 50

• used in combination with camphor in liquid petrolatum as an external antiseptic and anti-irritant

Answer 50

p-Chlorophenol

Question 51

• a non-irritating antiseptic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties • marketed in a 2% concentration as shampoo • used topically for tinea infections such as athlete's foot and jock itch

Answer 51

p-Chloro-m-xylenol

Question 52

• used in concentrations 2 to 3% in soaps, detergent creams, lotions, and shampoos for various antiseptic uses

Answer 52

Hexachlorphene

Question 53

• a mixture of three isomeric cresols • an inexpensive antiseptic and disinfectant

Answer 53

CRESOL

Question 54

• only useful as preservative

Answer 54

Chlorocresol

Question 55

• Isopropyl m-cresol • extracted from oil of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme, of the mint family) • has mild fungicidal properties and is used in alcohol solutions and in dusting powders for the treatment of tinea (ringworm) infections

Answer 55

Thymol

Question 56

• 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol • obtained primarily from clove oil • possesses both local anesthetic and antiseptic activity and can be directly applied on a piece of cotton to relieve toothaches • also used in mouthwashes because of its antiseptic property and pleasant taste

Answer 56

Eugenol

Question 57

• m-Dihydroxybenzene (resorcin) • a weak antiseptic • used in 1% to 3% solutions and in ointments and pastes in concentrations of 10% to 20% for the treatment of skin conditions such as ringworm, eczema, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis • a keratolytic agent (causes the stratum corneum of the skin to slough, opening the barrier to penetration for antifungal agents

Answer 57

Resorcinol

Question 58

• 4-Hexylresorcinol • an effective antiseptic, possessing both bactericidal and fungicidal properties • has surfactant properties, local anesthetic activity • formulated into throat lozenges because of its local anesthetic and antiseptic properties

Answer 58

Hexylresorcinol

Question 59

• their value as germicides depend upon the liberation of oxygen in the tissues (peroxides) and their ability to denature proteins (permanganates) • especially effective against anaerobic bacteria and can be used in cleansing wounds

Answer 59

OXIDIZING AGENTS

Question 60

• bubbles that form during the liberation of oxygen help to dislodge debris • effectiveness is somewhat limited by its poor penetrability and transient actio

Answer 60

Hydrogen Peroxide 2-3%

Question 61

• Gly-Oxide • a stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide • liberates hydrogen peroxide when mixed in water • used as both antiseptic and disinfectant • preparation is especially effective in the treatment of oral ulcerations or in dental care

Answer 61

Carbamide Peroxide

Question 62

• Panoxyl® 2.5%, 5%, 10% • most effective topical OTC agent for the control of acne • both keratolytic and keratogenic agent • MOA: induces proliferation of epithelial cells, leading to sloughing and repair • S/E: dryness

Answer 62

Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide