Midterm Chapter 6 Halogen To Antitubercular Agent Flashcards by KENNETH ESPALABRA

What Group was Halogen belong in the Periodic Table?

GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS (Salt-forming group)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Elements belong to Halogen Group or Group VIIA

Flourine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Also know as Oldest Germicide

Iodine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5% iodine in water with KI

Strong Iodine Solution (Lugol’s Solution)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2% iodine in water with Nal

Iodine Solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2% solution of iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI

Iodine Tincture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PVP (nonionic surfactant)

Povidone-Iodine (Betadine®)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Iodine preparations official in the USP

Iodine Tincture
Lugols’s Solution/ Strong Iodine Solution
Iodine Solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inorganic iodide salts are present to solubilize the iodine and reduce its ———-

volatility (Easily Evaporate)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Memorize
Iodine MOA: probably acts to inactivate proteins by iodination of aromatic residues and oxidation

……

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Simplify Moa of Iodine

Targeting Bacterial Protein result to cell death

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

complexes of iodine and non-ionic surfactants

Iodophors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Means its a subtance that will lower down the surface tension

Surfactants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Combination of iodine and non-ionic surfactants

-Iodophors

Additional info:

such complexes retain the germicidal properties of iodine and also reduce its volatility and essentially remove its irritant properties

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Example of Iodophors

Povidone-Iodine
Target: Both Bacteria and Fungi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Povidone-Iodine
• Betadine®
• Polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)-Iodine
• used as an aqueous solution for presurgical disinfection of the incision site
• used to treat wounds and damage to the skin and effective for local bacterial and fungal infections

Blue - 7.5 %solution Antiseptic (Skin Cleaner)
Yellow - 10% Antiseptic (Wound Solution)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MOA
• release of hypochlorous acid (HClO): chlorination of amide nitrogen atoms and oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in proteins

Chlorine-Containing Compounds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

• used to disinfect drinking water

Halazone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Use as For :
-Wounds
-Dental irrigation
-lavage (Panglimpyo sa wound, pwede sad sa ngipon)

Chloroazodin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this solution is used as wound dressing

glyceryltriacetate solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

used to treat localized infections to remove necrotic tissue from massive
infections or radiation necrosis, to counteract odorous discharges, to act as an irritant, and to disinfect cysts and fistulas

Oxychlorosene Sodium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

• quaternaryammoniumcompoundsthat ionize in water and exhibit surface-active properties
• MOA:adsorbontosurfaceofthebacterial cell, at which they cause lysis
• inactivatedbysoapsandotheranion detergents
• tissueconstituents,blood,serum,and pus tend to reduce the effectiveness of these substances

Cationic Surfactants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

• used as detergent, emulsifying agent and wetting agent
• used with sodium nitrate as a preservative

Benzalkonium Chloride • Merthiolate® - New

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

• used specifically for the treatment of diaper rash in infants caused by Bacterium ammoniagenes (causes liberation of ammonia in decomposed urine)

Methylbenzethonium Chloride • Diaparene®

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

diaper rash in infants caused by

Bacterium ammoniagenes

• used as a general antiseptic • available form: throat lozenges and mouthwashes • FDA approved for the treatment of gingivitis

Cetylpyridinium Chloride

• Bactidol®, Chlorhex®, Hibiclens® • in RP - Bactidol® is Hexetidine • used as irrigation solution and as mouthwash • not absorbed through skin or mucous membrane and does not cause systemic toxicity

Chlorhexedine gluconate

• cationic dyes are active against gram-positive bacteria and many fungi • gram-negative bacteria are generally resistant

Dyes

Positive result Negative result

P- Violet N -Pink/Red

Primary Stain Mordant Decolorizer Counterstain

Cristal Violet Iodine Alcohol Safranin

• Crystalviolet,hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride, methyl violet, methyl-rosaniline chloride • primarydyeingram-staining • availableasvaginalsuppositoriesforthe treatment of yeast infections (pessaries) • availableastopicalsolutionsforthe treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections • usedorallyasananthelminticfor strongyloides and oxyuriasis

Gentian Violet

ingredient of carbol-fuchsin solution (Castellani's paint), used topically in the treatment of fungal infections, such as ringworm and athlete's foot

Basic Fuchsin

Methylene Blue • antidote for cyanide poisoning • in high concentrations, it promotes the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which because of its high affinity for cyanide ion diverts it from inactivating cytochrome C oxidase • in low concentrations, it is used to treat drug-induced methemoglobinemia

Methylene Blue

• used for the treatment of cystitis and urethritis • bacteriostatic

Methylene blue

• MOA: reacts with SULFHYDRYL (- SH) groups in enzymes and other proteins • this is reversible by thiol-containing compounds such as CYSTEINE and DIMERCAPROL

MERCURY COMPOUNDS MERCURIALS

• Corrosive sublimate • HgCl2

MERCURIC CHLORIDE

• Calomel • Hg2Cl2

MERCUROUS CHLORIDE

• HgNH2Cl • White precipitate • used for skin infections

Ammoniated Mercury

• was once a very popular antiseptic for skin and ocular infections

NITROMERSOL

• Merthiolate® - old • weak bacteriostatic antiseptic that is applied topically in ointments or aqueous solutions

THIMEROSAL

• usedtopreventmicrobialcontamination • IdealCharacteristics:effectiveatlow concentrations against all possible microorganisms, nontoxic, compatible with other constituents used in the preparation, stable for the shelf-life of the preparation

Preservatives

• useful as preservative for liquid dosage forms • have ANTIFUNGAL properties • preservative effect tends to increase with molecular weight

PARABENS • p-hydroxybenzoic acid

• more effective against molds

METHYLPARABEN

• more effective against yeasts • more oil-soluble so it is preferred for oils and fats

PROPYLPARABEN

employed as a bacteriostatic agent in pharmaceuticals for injection, ophthalmic use, and intranasal administration

CHLOROBUTANOL

commonly used as preservative in vials of injectable drugs in concentrations of 1% to 4% in water or saline solution; has local anesthetic action

BENZYL ALCOHOL(Phenylcarbinol, Phenylmethanol)

occurs naturally in rose oil and pine-needle oil; used primarily in perfumery

• PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL

used externally as an antiseptic for lotions, ointments and mouthwashes; more effective as a preservative in foods and pharmaceutical products at low pH

BENZOIC ACID

used as preservative in acidic liquid preparations in which benzoic acid is releases

SODIUM BENZOATE

effective antifungal that is used as preservative

SODIUM PROPIONATE

an effective antifungal preservative; used to preserve syrups, elixirs, ointments, and lotions containing components such as sugars that support mold growth

SORBIC ACID

used as the same way as sorbic acid

POTASSIUM SORBATE

used to preserve injectable drugs but bacteriostatic efficacy is reduced in the presence of serum

PHENYLMERCURIC NITRATE

used as preservative

PHENYLMERCURIC ACETATE

• Acid fast bacteria • Rod shaped, aerobic bacteria that does not form spores • facultative intracellular, obligate aerobe • causes Koch's disease • Lowenstein-Jensen medium (serpentine growth colonies)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• MOA:inhibitsthesynthesisofmycolic acid, an important component of the cell wall of mycobacteria • Principaladverseeffect:Peripheral neuritis due to the competition of INH with pyridoxal phosphate for the enzyme apotryptophanase • co-administrationofpyridoxineprevents peripheral neuritis

ISONIAZID (INH or H) • Isonicotinic acid hydrazide • Nydrazid®

• structural analogue of isoniazid • used in the treatment of isoniazid- resistant tuberculosis • S/E: GI irritation, hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathies, optic neuritis

Ethionamide • Trecator SC®

• MOA: unknown • used in combination with other agents because resistance develops rapidly • S/E: hepatotoxicity (inc. ALT/AST) • must be enzymatically hydrolyzed to pyrazinoic acid (active form)

Pyrazinamide (PZA or Z) • Pyrazinecarboxamide

• S/E: Optic neuritis • loss of ability to discriminate between red and green • MOA: inhibits the incorporation of mycolic acids in the cell walls of the bacteria

Ethambutol (EMB or E) • Myambutol®

• MOA: acts as a competitive inhibitor for p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in folate biosynthesis • S/E: severe gastric irritation • second-line treatment for TB

Para-Aminosalicylic Acid (PASA/PAS)

• MOA: unkwown • basic red-dye used in the treatment of leprosy, including dapsone-resistant forms • S/E: Colored-maroon urine

Clofazimine • Lamprene®