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Biology > Chapter 6 - Cell Continuity And Division > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Cell Continuity And Division Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

All cells develop

A

From pre-existing cells

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2
Q

3 steps to form a new cell

A
  • Produce cells it will need
  • grow larger
  • reproduce to for a new cell
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3
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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4
Q

Each chromosome has how many genes?

A

1000s

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5
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Made of DNA and protein

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6
Q

Where are chromosomes located?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

When chromosomes are not dividing what are they called?

A

Chromatin

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8
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does a diploid cell have?

A

Two sets

I.e. It has two of each type of chromosome in the nucleus

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9
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

On set

I.e. It has only one set of each type of chromosomes in the nucleus

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10
Q

How are chromosomes grouped in diploid cells?

A

Chromosomes are in pairs in diploid cells called homologous pairs

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11
Q

How are diploid cells symbolised?

A

2n

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12
Q

How are haploid cells symbolised?

A

n

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13
Q

How are the total number of chromosomes in a human diploid cell given?

A

2n=46

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14
Q

How are the total number of chromosomes in a human haploid cell given?

A

n=23

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15
Q

Cell cycle

A

The life cycle of a cell

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16
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • interphase

- mitosis

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17
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  • 90% of the cell cycle

- cell grows, replicated its organelles and duplicates its DNA

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18
Q

During interphase DNA is in the form of….

A

Chromatin

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19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing identical sets of chromosomes, creating two new cells called daughter cells which are identical to each other

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20
Q

What does ‘passed my algebra test’ stand for?

A

The four stages of mitosis

  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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21
Q

Three parts of prophase

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A
  • chromosomes contract and become visible as a duplicated strand
  • fibres appear in cytoplasm
  • nuclear membrane starts to break down
22
Q

How are the total number of chromosomes in a human haploid cell given?

23
Q

Cell cycle

Study These Flashcards
A

The life cycle of a cell

24
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what are the stages of the cell cycle?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • interphase

- mitosis

25
What happens during interphase?
- 90% of the cell cycle | - cell grows, replicated its organelles and duplicates its DNA
26
During interphase DNA is in the form of....
Chromatin
27
What is mitosis?
A form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing identical sets of chromosomes, creating two new cells called daughter cells which are identical to each other
28
What does 'passed my algebra test' stand for?
The four stages of mitosis - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase
29
Three parts of prophase
- chromosomes contract and become visible as a duplicated strand - fibres appear in cytoplasm - nuclear membrane starts to break down
30
What happens in metaphase?
- the nuclear membrane is fully broken down - chromosomes thicken even more - spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere - chromosomes line up across the centre of cell at the equator - each chromosomes has 2 spindle fibres attached, one from each side of the cell
31
What happens during anaphase?
- tribes contract, chromosomes pull apart | - strand is pulled to opposite end of cell (pole)
32
What happens during telophase?
- nuclear membrane forms around each of the chromosome sets | - chromosomes elongate within the nucleus and mitosis is complete
33
What is cytokinesis?
How the cell divides into two daughter cells after mitosis is complete
34
Describe cytokinesis in animal cells
- contractile, pinching the cell into two parts | - the pinch crease is called the cleavage furrow
35
Describe cytokinesis in plant cells
- their cell wall is too stiff to be pinched into two cells - a line of vesicles containing cellulose form a cell plat down the centre of the cell, creating two daughter cells separated by a new wall
36
Vesicles
Building blocks for a cell plate which divides a plant cell after mitosis, containing cellulose
37
What is a cell plate?
The new cell wall formed between the two new daughter cells after plant mitosis
38
Function of mitosis in unicellular organisms
-a form of reproduction
39
Functions of mitosis in multicellular organisms
- produces new cells not new individuals | - responsible for growth and renewal and repair of cells
40
What is cancer?
-A disorder where the cells lose their ability to control •the rate of mitosis and •the number of times mitosis takes place
41
The rate of cell division is usually ...
Carefully controlled
42
Benign tumours
- "kind" - not life threatening - do not invade other tissues - cells stop dividing after some time eg. Warts and skin tags
43
What are Malignant tumours?
- uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells - invade other cells and move around the body - cancer cells divide indefinitely
44
What is mestastasis?
Movement of malignant tumours invading other cells and around the body
45
Oncogenes
Cancer causing genes
46
What are carcinogens
Cancer causing agents eg. Cigarette smoke, asbestos fibres, ultraviolet radiation and some viruses
47
Possible cures for cancer
- Radiation (burn out cancer) - Chemotherapy (chemicals slow down mitosis) - Surgery
48
Gametes
Sex cells | Eg. Egg and sperm
49
What is meiosis?
Form of cell division where one cell divides into four with each new daughter cell containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
50
Two functions of meiosis
1) Allows sexual reproduction without increasing the number of chromosomes in the offspring 2) Allows for new combinations of genes

Biology (12 decks)

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