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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 6 - Consciousness and Sleep > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Consciousness and Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

the awareness of internal and external stimuli is:

A

consciousness

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2
Q

consciousness is:

A
  • subjective and private
  • dynamic
  • self-reflective
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3
Q

what are the three methods of measuring consciousness?

A

self-reports, physiological study, behavioural study

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the rouge test?

A

to see if a person or animal has a sense of self

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5
Q

what are the three key components of the “psychodynamic view”? who proposed this idea?

A

1) conscious: mental events we are aware of
2) preconscious: events we aren’t focusing on but that can be easily recalled
3) unconscious: not brought into conscious awareness
proposed by Freud

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6
Q

what are the two key components of the “cognitive” view?

A

1) controlled: voluntary use of attention
2) automatic: minimal conscious processing

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7
Q

what is divided attention?

A

when you’re doing two things at once.

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8
Q

what is a circadian rhythm?

A

a 24 hour cycles that regulates wakefulness and sleep

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9
Q

where is sleep regulated?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (part of the hypothalamus)

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10
Q

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) do?

A

signals the pineal gland to release melatonin.

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11
Q

what is sleep deprivation? what does it lead to?

A

sleep deprivation involves missing the required amount of restful sleep over one or more days. leads to the accumulation of sleep debt.

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12
Q

what is the first stage of sleep? how long does it last?what kind of brainwaves are associated with it?

A
  • light sleep
  • 1-10 minutes
  • associated with beta waves (awake), alpha waves (drowsy), and theta waves (light sleep).
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13
Q

what is the second stage of sleep? how long does it last? what kind of brainwaves are associated with it?

A
  • deeper sleep
  • 10-25 minutes
  • associated with sleep spindles (1-2 second bursts of rapid brain activity
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14
Q

what are stages three and four of sleep? when do they occur? brainwaves?

A
  • deeper sleep
  • after 10-30 minutes
  • appearance of delta waves
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15
Q

what is stage five of sleep? how long does it last? brainwaves?

A
  • REM sleep
  • 20min-1hr
  • similar brainwaves to wakefulness
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16
Q

what stage(s) of sleep is/are associated with short dreams that don’t make sense?

A

stage one

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17
Q

what stage(s) of sleep is/are associated with restful sleep?

A

stages three and four

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18
Q

what stage(s) of sleep is/are associated with realistic and story-like dreams?

A

stage five (REM)

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19
Q

what is sleep paralysis? why does it happen?

A

when your muscles freeze up and you can’t move. happens so that you don’t sleepwalk.

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20
Q

what is insomnia?

A

chronic difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep

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21
Q

what is narcolepsy?

A

experience episodes of sudden REM sleep

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22
Q

what is narcolepsy often associated with?

A

cataplexy - loss of muscle tone during waking hours

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23
Q

what is sleep apnea?

A

blockage of airway interrupts sleep

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24
Q

what are night terrors?

A

sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep.

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25
Q

what is sleepwalking?

A

episodes where a person walks while asleep

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26
Q

why do we dream?

A

dreams help us process emotional memories and might help us learn new strategies or ways of doing things

27
Q

what is Freud’s dream protection theory?

A

dreams are made of sexual and aggressive impulses that we repress in the day

28
Q

what is wish fulfillment?

A

the satisfaction of our deepest desires come about in dreams

29
Q

what theory suggests that dreams reflect random brain activation in sleep, where the balance of neurotransmitters shifts continually?

A

activation-synthesis theory

30
Q

according to activation-synthesis theory, the ______ takes random firing and tries to make sense of it

A

forebrain

31
Q

what are hallucinations?

A

when you perceive something happening even though there is no sensory input

32
Q

what is an out-of-body experience?

A

a sense of consciousness leaving your body

33
Q

passing through a dark tunnel, experiencing a bright light, seeing our lives flash before our eyes, and meeting spiritual beings or dead relatives are all examples of _______ when someone is having a _______.

A

out-of-body experience, near-death experience

34
Q

what is deja vu?

A

a feeling of reliving a novel experience

35
Q

a set of techniques that provide people with suggestions to alter their thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and behaviours is:

A

hypnosis

36
Q

an approach to explaining hypnosis based on people’s attitudes, beliefs, and expectations is:

A

sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

37
Q

an approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality is:

A

dissociation theory of hypnosis

38
Q

what is substance abuse?

A

recurrent problems associated with a drug

39
Q

what is substance dependence?

A

a serious pattern of use, leading to clinically significant impairment, distress, or both. (addiction!!)

40
Q

_______ is a key feature in dependence

A

tolerance

41
Q

when does tolerance occur?

A

when people need to consume an increased amount of a drug to achieve intoxication.

42
Q

what is tolerance?

A

decrease in responsivity to a drug. the body needs larger doses in order to maintain homeostasis.

43
Q

what is a compensatory response?

A

physiological reactions opposite to that of drugs, the brain is adjusting to body imbalances

44
Q

what is withdrawl?

A

compensatory responses after drug use is discontinued

45
Q

when an environment becomes associated with a drug, this is:

A

classical conditioning

46
Q

in an unfamiliar environment, _______ reactions can occur even when typical amounts of a drug are used

A

overdose

47
Q

tolerance for a drug is influenced by familiarity of drug setting, this is:

A

conditioned drug responses

48
Q

does drug tolerance always lead to significant withdrawl?

A

no.

49
Q

does a drug have to produce tolerance or withdrawl in order for one to become dependent?

A

no

50
Q

what are psychoactive drugs?

A

chemicals that mimic neurotransmitters and alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons.

51
Q

what are depressant drugs? what are common examples?

A

drugs that depress the effects of the central nervous system. includes alcohol and sedative-hypnotics.

52
Q

in small doses, _______ causes feelings of relaxation, elevates mood, lowers inhibition, and impairs judgement.

A

alcohol

53
Q

in large doses, ______ causes brain centres to become more depressed, slowing thinking and impairing concentration, walking, and muscular coordination.

A

alcohol

54
Q

what are stimulants? what are some popular stimulants?

A

drugs that “rev” up your central nervous system. includes: nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines

55
Q

what does nicotine do? what do users report feeling?

A

activates receptors sensitive to acetylcholine. makes a person feel stimulation, relaxation, and alertness

56
Q

what does cocaine do? what do users report?

A

blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. makes a person feel euphoria, enhanced mental and physical capacity, indifference to pain, etc.

57
Q

what are hypnotics used for?

A

used to treat anxiety and insomnia. high doses have strong depressive effects.

58
Q

what does heroine do? how long to the effects last?

A

conveys a sense of euphoria; lasts about 3-4 hours.

59
Q

what do opiates do?

A

relieve pain and induce sleep

60
Q

what do hallucinogens do? what are some examples?

A

produce dramatic alteration in perception, mood, and thought. include: LSD, mescaline, PCP, and ecstacy

61
Q

hallucinogens, like LSD, interfere with _______ at the synapse

A

serotonin

62
Q

hallucinogens are associated with areas of the brain rich in receptors for the neurotransmitter:

A

dopamine

63
Q

what are the effects of marijuana?

A

a sense of time slowing down, enhanced sensations of touch, increased appreciation for sound, hunger, feelings of well-being

64
Q

how long do the effects of marijuana last?

A

2-3 hours

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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