Chapter 6 - Consciousness and Sleep

Question 1

the awareness of internal and external stimuli is:

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

consciousness is:

Answer 2

• subjective and private
• dynamic
• self-reflective

Question 3

what are the three methods of measuring consciousness?

Answer 3

self-reports, physiological study, behavioural study

Question 4

what is the purpose of the rouge test?

Answer 4

to see if a person or animal has a sense of self

Question 5

what are the three key components of the “psychodynamic view”? who proposed this idea?

Answer 5

1) conscious: mental events we are aware of
2) preconscious: events we aren’t focusing on but that can be easily recalled
3) unconscious: not brought into conscious awareness
proposed by Freud

Question 6

what are the two key components of the “cognitive” view?

Answer 6

1) controlled: voluntary use of attention
2) automatic: minimal conscious processing

Question 7

what is divided attention?

Answer 7

when you’re doing two things at once.

Question 8

what is a circadian rhythm?

Answer 8

a 24 hour cycles that regulates wakefulness and sleep

Question 9

where is sleep regulated?

Answer 9

suprachiasmatic nucleus (part of the hypothalamus)

Question 10

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) do?

Answer 10

signals the pineal gland to release melatonin.

Question 11

what is sleep deprivation? what does it lead to?

Answer 11

sleep deprivation involves missing the required amount of restful sleep over one or more days. leads to the accumulation of sleep debt.

Question 12

what is the first stage of sleep? how long does it last?what kind of brainwaves are associated with it?

Answer 12

• light sleep
• 1-10 minutes
• associated with beta waves (awake), alpha waves (drowsy), and theta waves (light sleep).

Question 13

what is the second stage of sleep? how long does it last? what kind of brainwaves are associated with it?

Answer 13

• deeper sleep
• 10-25 minutes
• associated with sleep spindles (1-2 second bursts of rapid brain activity

Question 14

what are stages three and four of sleep? when do they occur? brainwaves?

Answer 14

• deeper sleep
• after 10-30 minutes
• appearance of delta waves

Question 15

what is stage five of sleep? how long does it last? brainwaves?

Answer 15

• REM sleep
• 20min-1hr
• similar brainwaves to wakefulness

Question 16

what stage(s) of sleep is/are associated with short dreams that don’t make sense?

Answer 16

stage one

Question 17

what stage(s) of sleep is/are associated with restful sleep?

Answer 17

stages three and four

Question 18

what stage(s) of sleep is/are associated with realistic and story-like dreams?

Answer 18

stage five (REM)

Question 19

what is sleep paralysis? why does it happen?

Answer 19

when your muscles freeze up and you can’t move. happens so that you don’t sleepwalk.

Question 20

what is insomnia?

Answer 20

chronic difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep

Question 21

what is narcolepsy?

Answer 21

experience episodes of sudden REM sleep

Question 22

what is narcolepsy often associated with?

Answer 22

cataplexy - loss of muscle tone during waking hours

Question 23

what is sleep apnea?

Answer 23

blockage of airway interrupts sleep

Question 24

what are night terrors?

Answer 24

sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep.

Question 25

what is sleepwalking?

Answer 25

episodes where a person walks while asleep

Question 26

why do we dream?

Answer 26

dreams help us process emotional memories and might help us learn new strategies or ways of doing things

Question 27

what is Freud's dream protection theory?

Answer 27

dreams are made of sexual and aggressive impulses that we repress in the day

Question 28

what is wish fulfillment?

Answer 28

the satisfaction of our deepest desires come about in dreams

Question 29

what theory suggests that dreams reflect random brain activation in sleep, where the balance of neurotransmitters shifts continually?

Answer 29

activation-synthesis theory

Question 30

according to activation-synthesis theory, the ______ takes random firing and tries to make sense of it

Answer 30

forebrain

Question 31

what are hallucinations?

Answer 31

when you perceive something happening even though there is no sensory input

Question 32

what is an out-of-body experience?

Answer 32

a sense of consciousness leaving your body

Question 33

passing through a dark tunnel, experiencing a bright light, seeing our lives flash before our eyes, and meeting spiritual beings or dead relatives are all examples of _______ when someone is having a _______.

Answer 33

out-of-body experience, near-death experience

Question 34

what is deja vu?

Answer 34

a feeling of reliving a novel experience

Question 35

a set of techniques that provide people with suggestions to alter their thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and behaviours is:

Answer 35

hypnosis

Question 36

an approach to explaining hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, and expectations is:

Answer 36

sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

Question 37

an approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality is:

Answer 37

dissociation theory of hypnosis

Question 38

what is substance abuse?

Answer 38

recurrent problems associated with a drug

Question 39

what is substance dependence?

Answer 39

a serious pattern of use, leading to clinically significant impairment, distress, or both. (addiction!!)

Question 40

_______ is a key feature in dependence

Answer 40

tolerance

Question 41

when does tolerance occur?

Answer 41

when people need to consume an increased amount of a drug to achieve intoxication.

Question 42

what is tolerance?

Answer 42

decrease in responsivity to a drug. the body needs larger doses in order to maintain homeostasis.

Question 43

what is a compensatory response?

Answer 43

physiological reactions opposite to that of drugs, the brain is adjusting to body imbalances

Question 44

what is withdrawl?

Answer 44

compensatory responses after drug use is discontinued

Question 45

when an environment becomes associated with a drug, this is:

Answer 45

classical conditioning

Question 46

in an unfamiliar environment, _______ reactions can occur even when typical amounts of a drug are used

Answer 46

overdose

Question 47

tolerance for a drug is influenced by familiarity of drug setting, this is:

Answer 47

conditioned drug responses

Question 48

does drug tolerance always lead to significant withdrawl?

Answer 48

no.

Question 49

does a drug have to produce tolerance or withdrawl in order for one to become dependent?

Answer 49

no

Question 50

what are psychoactive drugs?

Answer 50

chemicals that mimic neurotransmitters and alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons.

Question 51

what are depressant drugs? what are common examples?

Answer 51

drugs that depress the effects of the central nervous system. includes alcohol and sedative-hypnotics.

Question 52

in small doses, _______ causes feelings of relaxation, elevates mood, lowers inhibition, and impairs judgement.

Answer 52

alcohol

Question 53

in large doses, ______ causes brain centres to become more depressed, slowing thinking and impairing concentration, walking, and muscular coordination.

Answer 53

alcohol

Question 54

what are stimulants? what are some popular stimulants?

Answer 54

drugs that "rev" up your central nervous system. includes: nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines

Question 55

what does nicotine do? what do users report feeling?

Answer 55

activates receptors sensitive to acetylcholine. makes a person feel stimulation, relaxation, and alertness

Question 56

what does cocaine do? what do users report?

Answer 56

blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. makes a person feel euphoria, enhanced mental and physical capacity, indifference to pain, etc.

Question 57

what are hypnotics used for?

Answer 57

used to treat anxiety and insomnia. high doses have strong depressive effects.

Question 58

what does heroine do? how long to the effects last?

Answer 58

conveys a sense of euphoria; lasts about 3-4 hours.

Question 59

what do opiates do?

Answer 59

relieve pain and induce sleep

Question 60

what do hallucinogens do? what are some examples?

Answer 60

produce dramatic alteration in perception, mood, and thought. include: LSD, mescaline, PCP, and ecstacy

Question 61

hallucinogens, like LSD, interfere with _______ at the synapse

Answer 61

serotonin

Question 62

hallucinogens are associated with areas of the brain rich in receptors for the neurotransmitter:

Answer 62

dopamine

Question 63

what are the effects of marijuana?

Answer 63

a sense of time slowing down, enhanced sensations of touch, increased appreciation for sound, hunger, feelings of well-being

Question 64

how long do the effects of marijuana last?

Answer 64

2-3 hours