Chapter 4 - Genes, Evolution, and Behaviour Flashcards
An organism’s actions in response to some stimulus is?
Behaviour
a change in heritable traits in a population over time is:
evolution
natural selection is:
the process by which evolution occurs
a basic unit of heredity is a:
gene
what is heredity?
something that is passed on
what are the four base nucleotides in DNA?
adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
the phosphate-deoxyribose chain is the ________ of DNA
backbone
what is a genome?
every single strand of a person’s DNA, their complete set of genetic material.
a chemical substance containing nucleotides is:
DNA
what are chromosomes?
strands of DNA wound in a double-helix structure
what is a genotype vs. phenotype?
- genotype: specific genetic makeup
- phenotype: expression of genes
how many chromosomes are in somatic cells?
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
any differences in identical twins is because…
the DNA is read differently
what does it mean for a trait to be dominant?
dominant genes are always expressed
what does it mean for a trait to be recessive?
recessive genes are only expressed in the absence of dominant genes
what does it mean to be homozygous (dominant vs. recessive)?
identical pairs of alleles for a given gene
- dominant: AA
- recessive: aa
a person who has a combination of different alleles (Aa) is:
heterozygous
when a number of gene pairs combine to create a single phenotypic trait, this is:
polygenic transmission
lasting changes in gene function during development that are not caused by the genes themselves is:
epigenetics
list the steps for recombinant gene procedures
1) use enzymes to cut DNA into pieces
2) combine with DNA of another organism
3) insert combined DNA into host cell
what is the procedure where specific genes are altered so it cannot function and we observe the results?
gene knockout procedure
what is the study of how genetic and environmental components lead to changes in behaviour?
behaviour genetics
the amount of variation in a characteristic within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences is:
heritability
what is the heritability coefficient?
estimation of how much of a characteristic is due to genetic factors (the number)