Chapter 6 exam 2

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

Any attitude, behavior, or condition that violates cultural norms or societal laws and results in disapproval, hostility or sanction if it becomes known

Question 2

Pluralistic societies

Answer 2

Societies made up of many diverse groups with different norms and values

Question 3

Phrenology

Answer 3

A theory that the skull shapes of deviant individuals differ from those of nondeviants

Question 4

Atavism

Answer 4

throwbacks to primative early humans

Question 5

Structural strain

Answer 5

Gap exists between society’s culturally defined goals and the means society makes available to achieve those goals

Question 6

What was Merton’s theory

Answer 6

structural strain

Question 7

Strain theory

Answer 7

lack of similarity between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, rates of deviance will be high

Question 8

Opportunity theory

Answer 8

people differ not only in their motivations to engage in deviant acts but in their opportunities to do so

Question 9

Control theory

Answer 9

cause of deviance lies in arena of social control and specifically the life experiences and relationships that people form

Question 10

Social bonds

Answer 10

individuals connections to others

Question 11

Subcultural theories

Answer 11

explain deviance in terms of the conflicting interests of more and less powerful segments of a population

Question 12

class-dominant theory

Answer 12

what is labeled defiant or criminal and who gets punished is determined by interests of the dominant class in a particular culture of society

Question 13

Structural contradiction theory

Answer 13

conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure of society produce laws defining certain acts as deviant or criminal

Question 14

Stigmatization

Answer 14

the branding of behavior as highly disgraceful

Question 15

Labeling theory

Answer 15

deviance is a product of the labels people attach to certain types of behavior

Question 16

Primary deviance

Answer 16

first step in the labeling of deviance, it occurs at the moment an activity is labeled deviant

Question 17

Secondary deviance

Answer 17

Second step, it occurs when a person labeled deviant accepts the label as part of his or her identity and as a result begins to act in conformity with the label

Question 18

Differential Association theory

Answer 18

deviant and criminal behavior results from regular exposure to attitudes favorable to acting in ways that are deviant or criminal

Question 19

White-Collar crimes

Answer 19

crime committed by people of high social status in connection with their work

Question 20

organized crime

Answer 20

crime committed by criminal groups that provide illegal goods and services

Question 21

State crimes

Answer 21

criminal or other harmful acts committed by state officials in the pursuit of their jobs as representation of the government

Question 22

social control

Answer 22

attempts by certain people or groups in society to control the behaviors of other individuals and groups in order to increase the likelihood that they will conform to established norms or laws

Question 23

social power

Answer 23

the ability to exercise social control

Question 24

informal social control

Answer 24

unofficial mechanism through which deviance and deviant behaviors are discouraged in society; most often occurs among ordinary people during the course of their interactions

Question 25

formal social control

Answer 25

official attempts to discourage certain behaviors and visibly punish others; most often exercised by the state