CHAPTER 6: Formulating the Hypothesis

Question 1

refers to the thesis, or main idea, of an experiment or study consisting of a statement that predicts the relationship between at least two variables.

Answer 1

Hypothesis

Question 2

a statement of predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related, but not a statement about cause and effect (relationship).

Answer 2

Non-Experimental Hypothesis

Question 3

it is a statement that explains/predicts the “effect” of specific antecedent conditions on a measured behavior.

Answer 3

Experimental Hypothesis

Question 4

a statement that is always true.

Answer 4

Analytic Statement

Question 5

a statement that can be either true or false, a condition necessary to form an experimental hypothesis.

Answer 5

Synthetic Statement

Question 6

a statement that is always false - opposed each other. Need not to conduct experiments to test.

Answer 6

Contradictory Statement

Question 7

a statement that can be tested because the means exist for manipulating antecedent conditions and for measuring the resulting behavior.

Answer 7

Testable Statement

Question 8

a statement that is worded so that it is falsifiable, or disprovable, by experimental result/sresearch findings.

Answer 8

Falsified Statement

Question 9

a statement that is simply and des not require many supporting assumptions.

Answer 9

Parsimonious Statement

Question 10

a statement that leads to new studies.

Answer 10

Fruitful Statement

Question 11

the process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles to form a hypothesis.

Answer 11

Inductive Model

Question 12

more likely to be false

Answer 12

A posterior

Question 13

process of generalization.

• we devise general principles and theories used to organize, explain and predict behavior until more satisfactory principles are found.

Answer 13

Induction/ Inductive reasoning

Question 14

the process of reasoning from general principles to specific instances, most useful for testing the principles of theory.

• rigorously test the implications of these theories.

Answer 14

Deductive Model

Question 15

is the knack of finding things that are not being sought.

Answer 15

Serendipity

Question 16

a periodical that publishes individual research reports.

Answer 16

Psychological Journals

Question 17

a statistical reviewing procedure that uses data from many similar studies to summarize and quantify research findings about individual topics.

Answer 17

Meta-Analysis

Question 18

it is not affected by anything else that happens in the experiment.

Answer 18

Independent Variable (IV)

Question 19

a particular behavior we expect to change because of experimental intervention.

Answer 19

Dependent Variable (DV)

Question 20

manipulating thru by giving subjects varying instruction leading them to believe that either they would be exposed and not to painful shock.

Answer 20

Anxiety

Question 21

describes the operations involved in manipulating or measuring the variables in an experiment.

• it specifies the precise meaning of a variable within an experiment.

Answer 21

Operational Definition

Question 22

it defines exactly what was done to create the various treatment conditions of the experiment.

Answer 22

Experimental Operational Definition

Question 23

explain unseen processes postulated to explain observable behavior.

Answer 23

Hypothetical Constructs

Question 24

it is equally important when we are working with variables that can be observed more directly.

Answer 24

Non construct Variables

Question 25

it is important that we know hoe to defined scale of measurement in setting up experiments and formulating operational definitions.

Answer 25

Scales of Measurements

Question 26

different observers take measurement of the same responses.

Answer 26

Interrater Reliability

Question 27

comparing scores of people who have been measured twice with the same instrument.

Answer 27

Test - Retest Reliability

Question 28

is the extent to which different parts of the questionnaire or other instruments designed to assess the same variable attain consistent result.

Answer 28

Inter - Item Reliability

Question 29

often use multiple choice to check if they reliably measures the same variable.

Answer 29

Internal Consistency

Question 30

often split the test into halves at random and compute the coefficient reliability and correlate items measuring on the same variable on two halves.

Answer 30

Split Half Reliability

Question 31

the most widely used method for evaluating inter item reliability, considers the correlation of each test item with every other item.

Answer 31

Chronbach's Alpha

Question 32

it is the tests whose items are scored as right/wrong, or according to some other all-or-none system.

Answer 32

Coefficient Alpha/ Kuder Richardson

Question 33

least likely to be a problem with variables that can be manipulated and measured fairly directly, it is the least stringent type of validity does not provide any real evidence.

Answer 33

Face Validity

Question 34

depends on whether we are taking a fair simple of the quality we intend to measures.

Answer 34

Content Validity

Question 35

is the predictive extend to which a scale predicts scores on some criterion measures.

Answer 35

Predictive Validity

Question 36

compares scores on the measuring instrument with an outside criterion.

Answer 36

Concurrent Validity

Question 37

deals with the transition from theory to research application.

Answer 37

Construct Validity

Question 38

the test effectiveness in predicting behavior against a standard.

Answer 38

Criterion Related Validity

Question 39

it is the certainty that the changes in behavior observed across treatment conditions in the experiment were actually caused by the independent variable.

Answer 39

Internal Validity

Question 40

it is an outside event or occurrence that can produce effects on the dependent variable.

Answer 40

History Threat

Question 41

produced by internal (psychological/physical) changes in subject as a function of the passage of time.

Answer 41

Maturation Threat

Question 42

produced by a previous administration of the same test or other measures.

Answer 42

Testing Threat

Question 43

produced by changes in the measuring instruments itself

Answer 43

Instrumentation Threat

Question 44

occur when the subjects are assigned to conditions on the basis of extreme scores on the test.

Answer 44

Statistical Regression Threat

Question 45

occur when the researcher does not assign subjects randomly to the different conditions of an experiments.

Answer 45

Selection Threat

Question 46

produced by differences in dropout rates across the conditions of the experiments.

Answer 46

Subject Mortality Threat

Question 47

family of threats, produced when a selection threat combines with one or more of the other threats to interval validity.

Answer 47

Selecting Interaction Threat

Question 48

pretest might increase or decrease the respondent's sensitivity or responsiveness to the experimental variable.

Answer 48

Interaction Effect of Testing

Question 49

interaction effect to the experimental variable; subjects selected are not susceptible to the effect of the experimental variable, the result will not be realizable to the larger group.

Answer 49

Selection Biases of Sampling

Question 50

exact duplication of an investigation, but with a different sample selected from a popultaion.

Answer 50

Literal

Question 51

duplication of investigation, using the same problem and methodology with some alteration in the procedures, measurement and analysis.

Answer 51

General Application

Question 52

duplication of the investigation using the same problem but utilizing an entirely different methodology.

Answer 52

Triangulation

Question 53

likely to occur whenever multiple treatments are applied to the same respondents, the effects to prior treatments are not erasable.

Answer 53

Multiple-Treatment Interference