Chapter 6 Integumentary System Flashcards by Bethany Adkins

The cutaneous membrane in the integumentary system makes up what?

integument skin

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describe epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

epidermis- consists of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with layers
dermis- composed of CT proper and contains two layers
hypodermis- subcutaneous layer that is not part of integument

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what are the layers of the Epidermis?

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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what three cell types are in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis?

keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

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describe keratinocytes

large stem cells in basale layer that synthesizes keratin

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describe melanocytes

found in stratum basale and produces, stores pigment and transfers melanosomes

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describe tactile cells

merkel cells are sensitive to touch and when compressed, release chemicals, stimulate sensory nerve endings

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describe stratum spinosum

several layers of polygonal keratinocytes when new cells pushed into this layer by stratum basale

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what are nondividing keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum attached by?

desmosomes

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what are epidermal dendritic cells

Langerhans cells found in stratum spinosum and granulosum that initiates immune response

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describe stratum granulosum

3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes where they begin keratinization

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what is keratinization?

when keratinocytes fill with keratin and the nucleus disintegrate, dead cells

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Describe Stratum lucidum

translucent layer found only on thick skin on palms and soles and cells filled with eleidin

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describe stratum corneum

composed of 20 to 30 layers of dead, interlocking, anucleate, keratinized cells that protects skin from abrasion

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describe hemoglobin

oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells

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describe melanin

dark pigment produced in melanocytes, transferred to keratinocytes. contains Eumelanin (brown and black shades) and Pheomelanin (tan, yellow, red)

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Describe Carotene

yellow-orange pigment from vegetables

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describe nevus and freckles

nevus is an overgrowth of melanocytes
freckles is increased melanocyte activity

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describe hemangiomas and friction ridges

hemangiomas is a skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor
friction ridges are large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis (fingerprints)

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what the three types of radiation does the sun generate?

UVA, UVB, UVC

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which two radiations need SPF (sun protection factor)

UVA and UVB

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describe Dermis

composed of CT proper and contains papillary and reticular layers

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describe the papillary layer of the dermis

areolar connective tissue that contains dermal papillae which interlocks with epidermal ridges to increase area of contact between layers

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describe the reticular layer of the dermis

deeper, major portion of dermis that is dense irregular connective tissue

orientation of bundles of collagen and elastic fibers are indicated by what?

lines of cleavage

what is another word for stretch marks?

striae

what is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

protection, energy storage, and insulation

what are the functions of the integument?

protection from external environments prevention of water loss/gain vitamin D synthesis- formation of vitamin D3, a precursor to calcitriol secretion- sweat absorption immune function temperature regulation-dermal blood vessels capable of vasoconstriction to conserve heat or vasodilation to release heat sensory reception

what is the structure of nails?

distal whitish free edge, pinkish nail body, nail root, and nail bed, nail matrix (growing part), lunula (whitish semilunar area), eponychium (cuticle), hyponychium (thickened skin just below free nail edge)

what is Onychomycosis and yellow nail syndrome?

onychomycosis is a fungal infection yellow nail syndrome occurs when growth and thickening slows

what is keratinized cells forming slender filament?

hair

what are the three types of hair and describe them

lanugo- fine, unpigmented, downy hair vellus- fine hair terminal hair- coarser, pigmented, longer

What are the three zones along length of hair?

hair bulb, root, and shaft

what is hair papilla composed of?

Connective Tissue

describe hair matrix

structure at base of hair bulb when epithelial cells divide

describe Medulla

remnant of matrix this is flexible, soft keratin

describe cortex

flattened cells closer to outer hair surface

describe cuticle

single cell layer around cortex

describe Hair follicle

has outer CT root sheath originating in dermis and inner epithelial tissue root sheath originating from epidermis

describe arrector pili

thin ribbons of smooth muscle that elevate hair with contraction

what is the function of hair

protection, heat retention, sensory reception, visual identification, hair color, hair growth and replacement

what are the three phases of the hair growth cycle?

anagen- active phase catagen- brief regression telogen- resting phase

What are a few hair medical conditions?

alopecia areata, diffuse hair loss, male pattern baldness, and hirsutism

What are the two exocrine glands of the skin?

sweat glands and sebaceous glands

describe the two types of sweat glands

merocrine- discharge into skin surface and produces secretion by exocytosis and secretes sweat; major role in thermoregulation apocrine- discharge into hair follicles and produce odor when acted on by bacteria, starts producing secretions during puberty

Describe sebaceous glands

holocrine glands that produce sebum and activated during puberty

Describe Ceruminous glands

modified apocrine sweat glands located in external ear canal that secretes cerumen

what two ways are tissue repaired?

regeneration and fibrosis

describe fibrosis

gap filled with scar tissue which is collagen produced by fibroblasts

what are the stages of wound healing?

cut blood clot form and white blood cells take action blood vessels re-grow and granulation tissue forms epithelium regenerates and CT fibrosis occurs

Describe psoriasis

skin disease when keratinocytes are attacked by T-lymphocytes which causes rapid overgrowth and patches of whitish, scaley skin form

Describe first degree and second degree burns

first degree burns- only epidermis, slight pain second degree burns-epidermis and part of dermis with blisters and scarring

describe third degree burns

involve epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer that may need a skin graft

At development week 7, ectoderm forms a layer of squamous epithelium that becomes what layer of the integument?

periderm and basal layer

at development week 21, formation of stratum corneum and friction ridges produces what?

vernix caseosa

at development week 11, dermis is derived from mesoderm and the mesoderm becomes what?

mesenchyme

what develops at week 32?

fingernails and toenails

what appears between 9 weeks and 12 weeks?

hair follicles and hair buds

what appears on week 20?

sweat and sebaceous glands appear on palms, soles