Chapter 7 Flashcards by Bethany Adkins

What is compact bone?

rigid connective bone tissue that appears white, smooth, and solid and makes up 80% of total bone mass

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what is spongy bone?

cancellous or trabecular bone that appears porous and makes up 20 % of bone mass

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compare the appearance of spongy and compact bone

Spongy is honeycomb-like, compact bone is solid

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Name the two types of cartilage found most prevalently in bones

hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

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Define ligaments

dense regular connective tissue that anchors bone to bone

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define tendons

dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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what are the differences between ligaments and tendons?

tendon serves to move and ligaments help to keep structures stable

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what is the term that describes blood cell formation?

Hematopoiesis

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what are the 4 functions of bone?

Support and Protection
Levers for movement
Hematopoiesis
Storage of mineral and energy reserves

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What are the four different bone shapes?

Long, flat, irregular, short

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what is the function and location of hyaline cartilage?

helps bone move smoothly past each other.
can be found as
costal cartilage (attaches ribs to sternum)
articular cartilage( covers ends of bones)
epiphyseal plates (cartilage within growth plates)

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what is the function and location of fibrocartilage?

resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, and limits relative movement
pads between knee joints, pubic bones, and intervertebral discs

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what bone shape are your vertebrae?

irregular bone

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what bone shape are your ribs?

flat

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what bone shape are your skull bones?

flat

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what bone shape are your tarsal bones?

short

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what bone shape is your tibia?

long

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define diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone that provides leverage and major weight support

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define epiphysis

expanded, knobby region at each end of a long bone that resists stress (spongy bone)
helps reduce friction (articular cartilage)
and absorb shock in movable joints (articular cartilage)

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what is the difference between proximal and distal epiphysis

proximal is the end of the bone closest to the body trunk and distal is the end farthest from the trunk

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what are the 3 functions of the epiphysis?

resists stress (spongy bone)
helps reduce friction (articular cartilage)
absorbs shock in movable joints (articular cartilage)

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what are the epiphysis made of?

proximal epiphysis
distal epiphysis
spongy bone
articular cartilage
compact bone

what is the region where bone widens and transfers weight between the diaphysis and epiphysis?

metaphysis

what is the epiphyseal plate?

growth plate a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides for the lengthening growth of the bone

what is the epiphyseal line? do children have these? why or why not?

once a bone is done growing, the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults is a thin, defined area of compact bone

what is the periosteum and what are the three functions?

a tough sheath that covers the outside of the bone except for the areas covered in articular cartilage protects the bone anchors blood vessels and nerves serves as attachment site for ligaments and tendons

what is endosteum?

very thin layer of connective tissue containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity

what and where is the diploe?

spongy bone interior of a flat bone of the skull

Is bone highly vascular and innervated?

YES

what is the nutrient foramen?

small opening in the bone where one nutrient artery enters and one nutrient vein exits

what are the two types of bone marrow? which one is only found in adults?

red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) and yellow bone marrow yellow bone marrow

describe a bone marrow transplant. why would one need a bone marrow transplant?

someone who has abnormally functioning red bone marrow or RBM destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy will need a donor RBM harvested from the hip which is then injected into recipients vein where it is transported through the blood to normal locations

what is the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis?

the medullary cavity

What is the function of a osteoprogenitor cell?

the stem cell, when divided, another stem cell is produced along with a committed cell that matures into an osteoblast

what is the function of osteoblasts?

synthesizing and secreting osteoid

what is the function of osteocytes?

maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone, signal osteoblasts if stress is detected

what is the function of osteoclasts?

break down bone in bone resorption

name the most important inorganic component in the bone matrix and describe what it is commonly called. what is the function?

calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form crystals of hydroxyapatite. harden the matrix and provides compressional strength to bone

what is calcification?

mineralization, occurs to osteoid when hydroxyapatite deposit in and around the collagen fibers

what two vitamins are important to calcification?

Vitamin D (enhances calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract) Vitamin C ( required for collagen formation)

what is bone resorption and when does it occur in the body?

process where bone matrix is destroyed by substances released from osteoclasts into the extracellular space adjacent to the bone usually happens when blood calcium levels are low

what are the symptoms and which bones are often affected in osteitis deformans?

symptoms- lower limbs bow and skull becomes thicker and enlarged bones affected are pelvis, skull, vertebrae, femur, and tibia

what the basic unit of mature compact bone that has a round, bull's eye target appearance?

osteons

what is trabeculae and what is the function?

a meshwork of crisscrossing bars and plates of small bone pieces. function is to provide great resistance to stresses applied in many directions by distributing the stress throughout the entire framework

what is the microscopic function of hyaline cartilage in bone?

resilient, flexible and shock absorber

name 2 features of hyaline cartilage in bone

avascular and contains no nerves

what are chondroblasts and what are their function?

derived from mesenchymal cells, they produce the cartilage matrix. chondroblasts encased in the matrix they created, the cells become chondrocytes

what are chondrocytes and what are their function?

from chondroblasts, occupy lacunae and help maintain matrix

what is the perichondrium?

dense irregular connective tissue sheet covering hyaline cartilage

how are perichondrium and hyaline cartilage related?

perichondrium covers hyaline cartilage except for avascular cartilage

cartilage that grows in length is known as ________ growth

cartilage that grows in width is known as ________ growth

define osteogenesis. what is another name for it?

what is Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2?

hydrocyapatite