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CompTIA A+ > Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals Flashcards

(126 cards)

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1
Q

Why are stand-alone PCs inferior from networked PCs?

A

Small hard-drive capacities

To print you must have a printer attached locally

Sharing files with other PCs is difficult.

Electronic communication of any sort is impossible.

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2
Q

Network

A

Links two or more computers together to communicate and share resources.

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3
Q

LAN

A

Local Area Network

Connect computers in a single office or building.

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4
Q

WAN

A

Wide Area Network

Expands a LAN to include networks outside of the local environemtn. Allows users to distribute resources across long distances.

Often thought of as multiple, disbursed LANs, networked together.

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5
Q

PAN

A

Personal Area Network

Small-scalle network designed around a single person.

Usually referrs to networks that use Bluethooth to communicate, like a bluethooth earpiece and a phone.

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6
Q

MAN

A

Metropolitian Area Network

A network that spans a large geographic distance but is connected using LAN-style architecture, not a WAN.

Best to think of this in terms of its utility – The Googleplex or a large University campus can’t possibley operate with a single LAN. Multiple LANs are built up around the campus and connected to each other, creating a MAN.

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7
Q

The first PC LAN technology was called ____, introduced in the ’80s by Novell

A

ShareNet

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8
Q

The largest WAN in the world

A

The Internet

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9
Q

Bluetooth SIG

A

Bluetooth Special Interest Group

Consortium of companies that participate in developing Bluetooth standards to unit disparate tech industries to allow communication among different devices.

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10
Q

How did Bluetooth get its name?

A

Named for Harald Blatand (Harold Bluetooth in English) who united several factions in areas of Norway, Sweeden, and Denmark.

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11
Q

Membership of the Bluetooth SIG includes

A

Microsoft

Intel

Apple

IBM

Toshiba

and several cell phone manufactuerers

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12
Q

Technical Specification that describes a WPAN (wireless personal area network) based on Bluetooth

A

IEEE 802.15.1

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13
Q

A Bluetooth WPAN is _____ in nature, which makes it unique among other network architectures

A

Temporary and decentralized

You don’t need a central device to connect. Two devices that are close enough will start communicating.

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14
Q

Piconet

A

The dynamically created Bluetooth network created when two or more devices are within range of each other.

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15
Q

Maximum number of devices in a piconet

A

7

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16
Q

Scatternet

A

One or more devices connect two piconets.

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17
Q

Wireless hotspots, spread throughout a city but connected with the same network infrastructure is an example of a

A

MAN

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18
Q

What’s the primary difference between a WAN and a MAN?

A

It’s implied that WANs use publically available communication lines (Telephone network, fiber network of an ISP, etc) to connect.

MANs connect using communication lines owned by the same entity that owns the endpoints that are connected by those lines.

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19
Q

Three primary network components

A

Servers

Clients / Workstations

Resources

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20
Q

Dedicated Server

A

Assigned to provide specific applications or services for the network, and nothing else.

Specializes in a single task, like a file server or a print server.

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21
Q

Nondedicated Servers

A

Assigned to provide one or more network service and/or local access for a user.

Example: Direct network traffic, serve files, and serve as a front-end for the network administrator to manage the network.

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22
Q

Workstations

A

Computers on which network users do their work.

Everyday computers connected to a network that offers additional resources.

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23
Q

NIC

A

Network Interface Card

Expansion cad that allows the PC to connect to a network.

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24
Q

What differentiates a server from a workstation

A

While some would expect this to be hardware, form factor, and whether or not the equipment is rack-mounted, this boils down to:

What role it plays on the network

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25
Network Resource
Any item that can be used on a network. This can include printers, disk storage, file access, applications
26
NOS
Network Operating System Controls the communication with resources and the flow of data across the network. Examples: UNIX, Linux, and MS's Windows Server
27
Peer-to-peer network
Computers act as both service providers and service reqeuestors with each other.
28
What companies would operate well with a peer-to-peer network?
Small businesses that expect to remain small, do not require a great deal of security.
29
Client-Server Resource Model
As opposed to peer-to-peer, a client/server model centralizes administrative control and functions from one or more dedicated servers
30
Name this network model.
Peer-to-peer
31
Name this network model:
Client / Server
32
Client/Server-based networks, where security is centrally administored, are known as \_\_\_\_
Domains
33
When you log into a domain, the login you use is sent to the ______ to determine what network resources to give you access to.
Domain Controller
34
How do peer-to-peer networks, which do not have domain controllers, determine who has access to what network resources?
On a peer-to-peer network, individual PCs on the network determine whether a user on a different workstation can access files on that PC.
35
Name the five primary network topologies
Bus Star Ring Mesh Hybrid
36
Name this topology:
Bus topology
37
Bus Topology
Simplest topology. Consists of a trunk cable that every workstation connects to. Cheap - Requires little cabling Easy to install Diffiuclt to reconfigure (like adding a new workstation). A break in the bus disables the entire network.
38
Name this network topology:
Star Topology
39
Star Topology
All devices connect to a central hub/switch. Easy to add/remove workstations Fault tolerant - If a single workstation goes down, the entire network doesn't go down. More expensive to install - more cable and a central device is needed Single Point of failure - The central hub goes, the entire network goes.
40
Name this network topology:
Ring topology
41
Describe the ring topology
Each computer connects to two other computers, joining them in a circle and creating a unidirection path where messages move from workstation to workstation. Easy to install Difficult to add new computers The entire network will go down if a single workstation goes down.
42
Name this network topology:
Mesh Topology
43
Describe the mesh topology
Every device is connected to every other device. Most complex physical design. Every expensive to install and maintain Highest fault tolerance.
44
Describe hybrid topology
A mix of one or more topologies. Example: PCs connected to a central hub is a star topology. Change the hub to a switch, which isolates each PC to its own collission domain, and now you have a star topology made up of many bus topologies.
45
OSI Model
A theoretical networking model
46
IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
47
The committee of the IEEE to create standards for types of networks.
802
48
802.2
Logical Link Control
49
802.3
CSMA/CD (Ethernet) LAN Defines eithernet communication. Also defines a collission detection protocol, preventing network hosts from all talking at the same time.
50
802.5
Token Ring LAN
51
802.6
MAN
52
802.11
Wireless Networks
53
MAC
Media Access Control Sublayer of the data link layer of the OSI model. Watches out for data collissions and manages MAC addresses.
54
LLC
Logical Link Control Sublayer of the data link layer of the OSI model Manages data link communications
55
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multipel Access with Collision Detection
56
Half-Duplex Communication
A NIC configured for half-duplex can only send or receive at one time, not both.
57
Full-duplex communication
A NIC configured for full duplex communication can send and receive data at the same time.
58
MAC Address
The unique hardware address of a NIC.
59
Three main types of physical cabling used to connect devices to a network
Coaxial (coax) Twiest-pair fiber-optic
60
Coaxial Cable
Contains a center conductor core made of copper, surrounded by a plastic jacket with a braided shield over it. The entire thing is covered with outer insulation made of teflon or plastic.
61
Name that cable:
Coax
62
PVC
Polyvinyl Chloride Common plastic used to cover network cables. Produces a poisonous gas with burned.
63
Plenum-rated coating
Coating for cabling that doesn't produce toxic gases when burned.
64
Two popular standards for cabling when coax was used
RG-8 RG-58A/U
65
RG-8
Thicknet Maximum segment distance of 500 meters Used for network backbones
66
RG-58A/U
Thinnet Maximum segment distance of 185 meters.
67
RG rating for satellite / cable TV and cable modems
RG-6 and RG-59 are used for cable TV RG-6 is also used for satellite and cable modems
68
Ethernet implementation of RG-8
10Base5 This means it operates at 10Mbps Is Baseband And has a maximum cable segment of 500 meters
69
Ethernet implementation of RG-58AU
10Base2 This mean it has a speed of 10Mbps Is Baseband And has a maximum cable segment of 185 meters (Yes, that's a 2 at the end of that., so you'd think it's 200 meters. Its 185 meters. They round up to get the 2. It's a thing.)
70
Vampire Tap
The tool used to connect two ticknet cables together
71
Name these connectors:
BNC Connectors (British Navel Connectors) Used to connect thinnet cables.
72
Name this connector:
F-connector Used with cable TV
73
What is the most popular type of cabling?
Twisted-Pair cabling
74
Name this cabling:
Twisted Pair
75
Twisted Pair Cabling
Consists of several pairs of wire twisted around each other within an insulated jacket.
76
Two types of twisted pair cabling
STP (Shielded twisted pair) UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
77
What is the difference between STP and UTP?
STP has an extra layer of braided foil shielding surrounding the wires to decrease eletrical interference. UTP has PVC or plenum-rated coating but no foild shield to protect it from interferenc.
78
UTP comes in eight grades that offer different levels of performance. Name them.
Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5 Cat 5e Cat 6 Cat 6a
79
What is the maximum transmission distance of all UTP grades of cable?
100 meters Except for CAT6, which can transfer data up to 100 meters but not at its maximum speed of 10Gbps.
80
CAT 1
Two twiested pairs, making four wires For voice-transmission only
81
Cat 2
Four twisted pairs, making 8 wires Can handle transmission speeds up to 4Mbps
82
Cat 3
4 twisted pairs, 8 wires Transits up to 10Mbps
83
Cat 4
4 twisted pairs, 8 wires Can transfer up to 16Mbps
84
Cat 5
4 twisted pairs, 8 wires Can transfer 100Mbps
85
Cat 5e
4 twisted pairs, 8 wires Can transmit up to 1Gbps. Different from CAT5 in that the twisted pairs of wires are physically separated and contain more twists per foot, providing maximum interference protection
86
Cat 6
4 twisted pairs, 8 wires Can transfer up to 10Gbps, but only at reduced distances.
87
Cat 6a
4 twisted pairs, 8 wires Can transfer up to 10Gbps but at longer distances -- the full 100 meters.
88
Two connector types for UTP cabling
RJ-11 (phone) RJ-45 (data)
89
Two wiring standards to ensure that each ofthe 8 wires used in UTP fit into the right spots on the RJ-45 connector
568A 568B
90
Fiber-Optic Cabling
Thin, flexible galss or plastic fiber surrounded by a rubberized outer coating. Transmission speeds from 100Mbps to 10Gbps Max distance of several miles. Uses light instead of electric voltages to transmit data Immune to electrical interference
91
Name this cabling:
Fiber-Optic
92
Two varieties of fiber-optic cabling
single-mode multi-mode
93
SMF
Single-mode fiber Uses only a single mode of light to propagate through the fiber cable. uses lasers that travel straight down the cable. Supports higher bandwidth at longer distances Up to 10Gbps for up to 40KM
94
MMF
Multi-mode fiber Can transmit up to 10Gbps for up to 550 mters. Uses multiple modes (paths) of light to propagate simulataneously. -- The light bounces off the cable walls, which causes the signal to weaken faster than SMF
95
Three of the most common fiber-optic connectors
ST (Straight tip) SC (Square Connector / subscriber connector) LC (local connector)
96
Name this fiber-optic connector:
ST (Straight Tip)
97
Name this fiber-optic connector:
Subscriber Connector
98
Name this fiber-optic connector:
LC (Local Connector)
99
ST
Straight TIp Connector Developed by AT&T Most widely used fiber-toptic connector
100
SC
Suscriber Connector AKA Square Conector Type of fiber-optic connector
101
LC
Local Conector Developed by Lucent Technologies Type of fiber connector Mini-form factor connector (MMF)
102
Name this tool:
Crimper
103
Crimper is used for
Putting connectors at the end of a cable.
104
Name this tool:
Multimeter
105
Multimeter is used for
Electronic measuring. Can measure voltage, current and resistance on a wire.
106
Toner Probe is used for
Tracing a wire in a wall from one location to another. Also known as 'fox and hound'
107
Name this tool:
Toner Probe
108
Name this tool:
Loopback plug
109
Cable Tester is used for
Testing network cables to ensure they work. Should tell you the type of cable and whether the twisted pairs line up to standard.
110
Loopback Plug is used for
Testing the ability of a network adapter (NIC) to send and receive data. Plugged into the NIC and then a loopback test is performed using troubleshooting software, which will tell you if the card is working properly or not.
111
Name this tool:
Punch-down tool
112
Punch-Down Tool is used for
Allows you to connect (punch down) the eposed ends of a wire into a wiring harness, like a 100 block, which is pictured below:
113
Modem
Allows you to connect to a network or the Internet using plain old phone lines. Fasted transfer rate was 56Kbps.
114
Access Points
Commonly used to reference a wireless access point. May also refer to any point that allows a user on to a network
115
Hub
Deviced used to link several compuers together. Not used anymore.
116
Bridges
Use to divid network segments into multipel collission domains, which isolates traffic, preventing unwanted traffic from entering a segment when there are no recipients on that segment.
117
Switch
Do what bridges do, but do so for as many devices as hubs connect. Switches examine incoming packets and forward the traffic just to the recipient, instead of broadcasting it to all connected devices.
118
Routers
Connect multiple networks. Determine the best path to send data when more than one path exists.
119
NAS
Network attached storage. Acts like a hard drive directly attached to the netork. Act as a file server.
120
Firewall
Hardware or software solution that serves as your network's security gaurd. The most important device on networks connected to the Internet.
121
Firewalls can have up to three zones or sides. What are they?
Public (facing the Internet) Private (Facing the network) DMZ (Private, but not connected to the private network)
122
DMZ
Demilitarized zone. Intermediary network for hosting websites, email servers, etc. For when you need to protect your servers from some types of traffic, but they must be open to other types that a private network would not normally be open to. Also, allows you to segment servers that are more vulterable to attack (web servers) from your private network
123
ACL
Access Control List Set of rules that determines which traffic gets through a firewall and which traffic is blocked.
124
VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol Delivers voice communications over the Internet Allow users to send data, video and voice at the same time over the same Internet connection.
125
Internet Appliance
Specialied hardware device that exists solely to connect to the Internet. Can be used for web browsing, email, etc. Intended to be lower-cost alternatives to laptop computers.
126

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