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Ornithology > Chapter 6: Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

resting heart rate

stroke volume

systolic blood pressure

A

150-350bpm

100-200ml/kg*min

300-400mmHg

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1
Q

exhibit brief shallow topor bouts following their nighttime activity period

A

Smit & KcKechnie (African scops-owls)

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2
Q

long (e.g. x2?) vs short (e.g. x2?)

A

bill is longer/shorter than head

hummingbird & American Woodcock vs Carolina Chickadee & Tufted Titmouse

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2
Q

esophagus

because produces pigeon milk

A

muscular structure that conducts food from oral cavity to crop (pigions special because…?)

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2
Q

intestine

shorter vs longer

A

functions in absorption, ranging 3-20 (~9) times body length

carnivores vs seed/plant eaters?

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2
Q

depolarization speading toward apex (down and left)

initial activation of endocardium surrounding apex of left ventricle in downward direction

rapid depolarization of the ventricle

A

P wave, R wave, S wave

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3
Q

the bill has pronounced hump (i.e. black scooter)

A

Gibbous (i.e.?)

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4
Q

nuthatches, kinglets, inca doves (pyramid), penguins

A

communal roosting (who uses)

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4
Q

sides of madibles are convex (i.e. tanager)

A

swollen (i.e.?)

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5
Q

terete (i.e.?)

A

bill is generally circular either in cross-section or when viewed anteriorly (i.e. hummingbird)

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6
Q

Second exhalation

A

air moves from anterior air sacs back into the trachea & out

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7
Q

crossed (i.e.?)

A

mandible tips cross each other (i.e. crossbill)

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7
Q

conical (i.e. x2?)

A

bill has shape of cone (i.e. sparrows and finches)

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7
Q

niche partitioning

A

birds in similar feeding roles exhibit diversified bill structure (not well-supported)

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7
Q
  1. upper mandible (maxilla)
  2. lower mandible (dentary)
  3. jaw muscles
  4. rhamphotheca (horny sheath)
A

4 parts of the bill

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7
Q

bill tapers to a point (i.e. warblers)

A

acute (i.e.)

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8
Q

Gibbous (i.e.?)

A

the bill has pronounced hump (i.e. black scooter)

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9
Q

cutaneous evaporation (CEWL) (x2)

A

important for dissipating heat; can account for more than half total evaporative water loss

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10
Q

communcal roosting (who uses)

A

nuthatches, kinglets, inca doves (pyramid), penguins

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10
Q

bill is longer/shorter than head

hummingbird & American Woodcock vs Carolina Chickadee & Tufted Titmouse

A

long (e.g. x2?) vs short (e.g. x2?)

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11
Q

air sacs & no dead space

A

unique to avian lung (x2)

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12
Q

body size within species is larger in cold climates

why?

A

Bergmann’s rule

thermoregulation will be energetically less expensive for a larger organism (surface-to-volume ratio)

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13
Q

bill is deflected at an angle (i.e. flamingo)

A

bent (i.e.?)

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14
Q

rest vs active (stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac output)

A

1.7-1.59 (6.5%), 115-670 (583%), 195.5-1065 (545%)

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15
recurved (e.g. x2)
bill curves upward (godwit & American Avocet)
15
dropping their sternum (with diaphragm)
how do birds inhale? (mammals?)
16
air moves from anterior air sacs back into the trachea & out
Second exhalation
18
Smit & KcKechnie (African scops-owls)
exhibit brief shallow topor bouts following their nighttime activity period
18
chin, gular region, and jugulum (lower throat) are distended (i.e. pelican & cormorant)
gular sac (i.e. x2?)
19
bill wider/depressed towards tip (i.e. northern shoveler & Roseate spoonbill)
spatulate/spoon-shaped (e.g. x2?)
20
stout (i.e. x2?)
bill is conspicuously high and wide (i.e. grouse & partridge)
20
bill curves upward (godwit & American Avocet)
recurved (e.g. x2)
21
bill has shape of cone (i.e. sparrows and finches)
conical (i.e. x2?)
22
2 chambers: anterior glandular proventriculus and posterior muscular gizzard (ventriculus) proventriculus? gizzard?
stomach morst developed in carnivorous species; secrets acids and digestive enzymes used for grinding food
24
decurved (x2)
bill curves downward (long-billed curlew & brown creeper)
24
50-60%
O2 extraction rate
25
coevolution
bill structure co-adapts with food sourse morphology (i.e. hummingbirds and flowers)
26
shows endothermic reponse to temperature TNZ (thermal neutral zone), BMR (basal metabolic rate), LCT (lower critical temperature), UCT (upper critical temperature), Tb (body temperature) rate of heat loss (determined by?)
scholander curve + categories (x5) slope=? insulation
27
mandible tips cross each other (i.e. crossbill)
crossed (i.e.?)
28
150-350bpm 100-200ml/kg\*min 300-400mmHg
resting heart rate stroke volume systolic blood pressure
30
scholander curve + categories (x5) slope=? insulation
shows endothermic reponse to temperature TNZ (thermal neutral zone), BMR (basal metabolic rate), LCT (lower critical temperature), UCT (upper critical temperature), Tb (body temperature) rate of heat loss (determined by?)
31
Bergmann's rule thermoregulation will be energetically less expensive for a larger organism (surface-to-volume ratio)
body size within species is larger in cold climates why?
33
swollen (i.e.?)
sides of madibles are convex (i.e. tanager)
34
crop (x2)
expanded portion of the esophagus functioning like mammalian stomach stores, softens, and regulates food flow through digestive tract
35
straight (e.g.?) vs hooked (x2)
line along mandibles close is line with axis of head (e.g. GBH) vs uppder mandible longer than lower w/ tip bent over lower tip (e.g. hawk & parrot)
36
air moves from lungs & into anterior (front/cranial) air sacs
second inhalation
36
bill is conspicuously hgih and wide (i.e. grouse & partridge)
stout (i.e. x2?)
37
small side sacs coming off intestine that aid in digestion of plant material largest in?
Ceca (cattle=rumen) chickens and ostriches
39
stomach morst developed in carnivorous species; secrets acids and digestive enzymes used for grinding food
2 chambers: anterior glandular proventriculus and posterior muscular gizzard (ventriculus) proventriculus? gizzard?
41
First exhalation
air moves from posterior air sacs into lungs
42
unique to avian lung (x2)
air sacs & no dead space
43
used in cooling (respiration or across skin) inhanced by?
evaporation by panting or gular flutter (feathers erect, exposing skin)
43
commissure forms angle at bill corner (Cardinal family)
angulated commissure (i.e.)
45
3 bronchi called?
dorso, ventro, and para bronchi
46
angulated commissure (i.e.)
commissure forms angle at bill corner (Cardinal family)
48
how do birds inhale? (mammals?)
dropping their sternum (with diaphragm)
48
important for dissipating heat; can account for more than half total evaporative water loss
cutaneous evaporation (CEWL)
50
spatulate/spood-shaped (e.g. x2?)
bill wider/depressed towards tip (i.e. northern shoveler & Roseate spoonbill)
52
Ceca (cattle=rumen) chickens and ostriches
small side sacs coming off intestine that aid in digestion of plant material largest in?
53
contains taste buds, salivary glands, and tongue
oral cavity
55
air flows through trachea & bronchi & primarily into posterior (rear/caudal) air sacs
First inhalation
57
lowest metabolism organism can experience (sleep)
basal metabolism
58
uppder mandible can flex most flex here? some can flex here?
cranial kinesis nasofrontal hinge; dorsal ridge
59
O2 extraction rate
50-60%
60
chisel-like (i.e.?)
bill tip is beveled (i.e. woodpeckers)
61
birds in similar feeding roles exhibit diversified bill structure (not well-supported)
niche partitioning
62
bill is higher than wide (i.e. puffin & kingfisher)
compressed (i.e. x2)
63
First inhalation
air flows through trachea & bronchi & primarily into posterior (rear/caudal) air sacs
65
Thermoregulation methods (x10)
evaporation, CEWL, feet, gullar flutter, panting, selecting environment, body posture, communal roosting, increase insulation, increase summit metabolism
67
P wave, R wave, S wave
depolarization speading toward apex (down and left) initial activation of endocardium surrounding apex of left ventricle in downward direction rapid depolarization of the ventricle
68
oral cavity
contains taste buds, salivary glands, and tongue
69
bill tip is beveled (i.e. woodpeckers)
chisel-like (i.e.?)
70
expanded portion of the esophagus functioning like mammalian stomach stores, softens, and regulates food flow through digestive tract
crop (x2)
72
basal metabolism
lowest metabolism organism can experience (sleep)
73
compressed (i.e. x2)
bill is higher than wide (i.e. puffin & kingfisher)
75
evaporation by panting or gular flutter (feathers erect, exposing skin)
used in cooling (respiration or across skin) inhanced by?
76
cranial kinesis nasofrontal hinge; dorsal ridge
uppder mandible can flex most flex here? some can flex here?
77
4 parts of the bill
1. upper mandible (maxilla) 2. lower mandible (dentary) 3. jaw muscles 4. rhamphotheca (horny sheath)
78
line along mandibles close is line with axis of head (e.g. GBH) vs uppder mandible longer than lower w/ tip bent over lower tip (e.g. hawk & parrot)
straight (e.g.?) vs hooked (x2)
79
acute (i.e.)
bill tapers to a point (i.e. warblers)
80
1.7-1.59, 115-670, 195.5-1065
rest vs active (stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac output)
81
bill curves downward (long-billed curlew & brown creeper)
decurved (x2)
82
bent (i.e.?)
bill is deflected at an angle (i.e. flamingo)
84
evaporation, CEWL, feet, gullar flutter, panting, selecting environment, body posture, communal roosting, increase insulation, increase summit metabolism
Thermoregulation methods (x10)
85
muscular structure that conducts food from oral cavity to crop (pigions special because...?)
esophagus because produces pigeon milk
86
second inhalation
air moves from lungs & into anterior (front/cranial) air sacs
87
bill structure co-adapts with food sourse morphology (i.e. hummingbirds and flowers)
coevolution
88
air moves from posterior air sacs into lungs
First exhalation
89
dorso, ventro, and para bronchi
3 bronchi called?
90
bill is generally circular either in cross-section or when viewed anteriorly (i.e. hummingbird)
terete (i.e. hummingbird)
91
gular sac (i.e. x2?)
chin, gular region, and jugulum (lower throat) are distended (i.e. pelican & cormorant)
92
functions in absorption, ranging 3-20 (~9) times body length carnivores vs seed/plant eaters?
intestine shorter vs longer

Ornithology (11 decks)

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