Exam 3 Flashcards
“good genes” hypothesis
exaggerated male plumage and behavior (e.g. courtship displays) truthfully gauge genetic or physiological superiority.
the traits that evolve can be arbitrary, and evolve because non-random mating of females with a preference for a certain male trait (that might initially be favorable) mate with males with that trait, causing the alleles for preference and the alleles for the trait to become correlated – they tend to occur together in the same individuals.
“Arbitrary choice/runaway selection” hypothesis
cleidoic (amniotic) egg
“closed egg”
Karoo Robin
20% territories are occupied by cooperative groups consisting of the breeding pair and up to three helpers, generally male philopatric young from the previous breeding season. The helps tend to subsequently recruit as breeders on territories adjoining their natal territory.
yolk sac (vitelline membrane)
contains the yolk
enclosed by the testes, sperm produced from germinal epithelia (Sertoli cells)
seminiferous tubules
10% protein and 90% water, it constitutes 50 to 70% of egg mass
provides shock-absorbing cushion and temperature buffer
albumin (egg white)
black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos
sometimes parasitise each other’s nests (facultative brood parasitism)
outer portion that makes up most of the shell
shell Palisade layer
territory
a fixed area defended continuously for some period time (rivals discouraged and resource access exclusive)
a female pair bonds with several males, and the males in turn pair bond with several females. This system is exhibited by flightless ratites and a few other weird species. Males incubate mixed clutches of eggs.
Polygynandry
passage for egg from ovary to oviduct; site of fertilization
infundibulum
brief sexual relationships with no pair bonds. Males play no role in nesting or raising young. Second most common system next to monogamy
Promiscuity
amnion
surrounds the embryo which floats in fluid consisting of water and salts
Polyandry
the type of polygamy where a female pair bonds with several males. Males incubate the eggs.
surrounds the embryo which floats in fluid consisting of water and salts
amnion
intraspecific brood parasitism birds
ostrich, grebes, gulls, gallinaceous birds, pigeons and doves, and songbird
constrained female hypothesis
1) Females gain from Extra Pair Paternity (EPP)
2) Females risk abandonment if they are suspected of Extra Pair Copulations (EPC)
3) But male provisioning is less important in a resource rich environment
4) If the environment is rich in resources, then females will engage in EPCs
exaggerated male plumage and behavior (e.g. courtship displays) truthfully gauge genetic or physiological superiority.
“good genes” hypothesis
on very outside of shell, protects against microorganisms
protein cuticle
20% territories are occupied by cooperative groups consisting of the breeding pair and up to three helpers, generally male philopatric young from the previous breeding season. The helps tend to subsequently recruit as breeders on territories adjoining their natal territory.
Karoo Robin
cloacal phallus
erectil penis-like structure formed from the ventral wall of the cloaca in most waterfowl, tinamous, curassows, and ostriches
a protective membrane that surrounds all embryonic structures
chorion
“Arbitrary choice/runaway selection” hypothesis
the traits that evolve can be arbitrary, and evolve because non-random mating of females with a preference for a certain male trait (that might initially be favorable) mate with males with that trait, causing the alleles for preference and the alleles for the trait to become correlated – they tend to occur together in the same individuals.
