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Ornithology > Chapter 9: Annual Cycles > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Annual Cycles Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Breeding cycles driven by? (x4)

A

availability of food, nest sites, locations of favorable climates, and times of low predation risk

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1
Q

released from pituitary, normal posthatching growth, fat metabolism and synthesis, stimulates immunie system

A

Growth hormone (GH) (x4)

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1
Q

begin annual cycle at sight of green pine cones

A

pinon jays

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2
Q

rainfall

A

key timing variable in equatorial places (heavy rain stimulates gonzad size increase b/c increased food availability)

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3
Q

migratory restlessness

A

zugunruhe

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4
Q

kingfishers

A

peak at the end of the dry season when streams are clear and fish can be easily seen

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4
Q

clocks that regulate 24-hour cycles; tied to earth’s rotation on its axis

A

circadian rhythms (x2)

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4
Q

longer (6-12 months) vs shorter (_>_4 months)

A

tropical vs temperate climates

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5
Q

estrogen (x4)

A

migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary gland, egg production in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function

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5
Q

released from pituitary gland, produces crop milk in pigeons, incubation behavior and broodiness, photorefractoriness of testes

A

prolactin (x4)

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5
Q

early spring restlessness, triggered by increased day length

also triggers?

A

hyperphagia (x2)

fat deposition

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6
Q

seasonal nesting patterns at northern sites but prolonged breeding at tropical sites

low water temperatures (depresses food availability) delay breeding

hurricanes cause irregular breeding (in Caribbean and parts of South America)

A

brown pelicans (x3)

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7
Q

2 pituitary hormones

  • stimulates testosterone release in testes in males; ovulation, progersterone and testosterone production in females
  • stimulates sperm production in males (testes) and egg follicle development in females (ovary)
A
  1. luteinizing hormone (LH)
    - function?
  2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
    - function?
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7
Q

brown pelicans (x3)

A

seasonal nesting patterns at northern sites but prolonged breeding at tropical sites

low water temperatures (depresses food availability) delay breeding

hurricanes cause irregular breeding (in Caribbean and parts of South America)

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8
Q

daylight

A

diurnal

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9
Q

activates annual cycle stages by stimulating internal (hormonal) response

i.e.?

A

environmental cures

i.e. white-crowned sparrow (molt, autumnal migration, overwintering, vernal migration, breeding)

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11
Q

permanent residents

breed, molt, and survive until next breeding season

e.g.?

A

simplest annual cycles; birds who live in same place year-round

birds must…? (x3)

e.g. rock pigeon

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11
Q

luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (x2)

A

released from hypothalamus, produced LH and FSH by pituitary gland

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11
Q

extrinsic migration timing factors (x3)

A

temperature, barometric pressure, wind

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13
Q

emlen (1969) w/ indigo buntings

A

cause to molt an extra time during the year by increasing the photoperiod

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15
Q

temperature & water availability

others?

A

2 key variables of gonadal cycle (change during annual cycle)

-social stimulation (displays), presence of certain foods, growth of new vegetation

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17
Q

circannual cycles (x2)

controlled by 2-part system?

A

clocks that regulate annual cycles; tied to earth’s rotation around the sun

  1. internal circadian clocks (track day length)
  2. environmental light cycles stimulate neural receptors
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18
Q

control annual cycles as well; have a period of about 1 year

e.g.?

A

endogenous rhythms

starling experiment: 12/12 light/dark cycle, still came into breeding at predictable times

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18
Q

cause to molt an extra time during the year by increasing the photoperiod

A

emlen (1969) w/ indigo buntings

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19
migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary gland, egg production in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function
estrogen (x4)
20
glucagon (specics x4) & corticosterone
released at end of breeding season (with thyoxin) to stimulate fat deposition (for migration) -from pancreas, metabolism in liver and muscles, release of fatty acids to blood plasma, & fasting
21
environmental cures i.e. white-crowned sparrow (molt, autumnal migration, overwintering, vernal migration, breeding)
activates annual cycle stages by stimulating internal (hormonal) response i.e.?
22
availability of food, nest sites, locations of favorable climates, and times of low predation risk
Breeding cycles driven by? (x4)
23
thyroxin (T4) (x6)
released from thyroid gland, controls onset and pace of molt, suppressed by sex steroids, metabolism, themogenesis, growth & development
24
hummingbirds
peak at beginning of dry season when flowers start blooming
25
clocks that regulate annual cycles; tied to earth's rotation around the sun 1. internal circadian clocks (track day length) 2. environmental light cycles stimulate neural receptors
circannual cycles (x2) controlled by 2-part system?
25
showed they respond to decreased barometric pressure by moving more quickly, more frequently, and feeding more frequently
metcalfe et al (2013) w/ white-crowned sparrows
27
prolactin (x4)
released from pituitary gland, produces crop milk in pigeons, incubation behavior and broodiness, photorefractoriness of testes
28
released from adrenal gland, stress management, supresses gonadal hormone release, reduces disease resistance, migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary, egg prouction in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (x8)
30
testosterone (x4)
released from tests/ovary, develops testes, secondary sexual morphology & brain function, and ovulation in females
31
key timing variable in equatorial places (heavy rain stimulates gonzad size increase b/c increased food availability)
rainfall
32
released from hypothalamus, produced LH and FSH by pituitary gland
luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (x2)
33
Rowan (1929) w/ dark-eyed juncos
showed that photoperiod need only change 5-10min to stimulate testes growth
35
circadian rhythms (x2)
clocks that regulate 24-hour cycles; tied to earth's rotation on its axis
36
hyperphagia (x2) fat deposition
early spring restlessness, triggered by increased day length also triggers?
37
Wolfson (1942) dark-eyed juncos
migratory birds increased fat deposition with increasing daylight while nonmigratory birds didn't
39
photoperiod monitoring/circadian pacemakers
done with receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, pineal gland, and retina
40
simplest annual cycles; birds who live in same place year-round birds must...? (x3) e.g. rock pigeon
permanent residents breed, molt, and survive until next breeding season e.g.?
41
metcalfe et al (2013) w/ white-crowned sparrows
showed they respond to decreased barometric pressure by moving more quickly, more frequently, and feeding more frequently
42
tropical vs temperate climates
longer (6-12 months) vs shorter (_\>_4 months)
42
fusani et al (2014) w/ blackcaps
showed that zugunruhe related to expression of cryptochromes (allow birds to sense magnetic field)) in retina (nighttime migrant)
43
pars tuberalis
houses light receptors in the ventral hypothalamus of white-crowned sparrows which stimulate the release of pituitary hormones
44
released at end of breeding season (with thyoxin) to stimulate fat deposition (for migration) -from pancreas, metabolism in liver and muscles, release of fatty acids to blood plasma, & fasting
glucagon (specics x4) & corticosterone
45
houses light receptors in the ventral hypothalamus of white-crowned sparrows which stimulate the release of pituitary hormones
pars tuberalis
46
Growth hormone (GH) (x4)
released from pituitary, normal posthatching growth, fat metabolism and synthesis, stimulates immunie system
47
migratory birds increased fat deposition with increasing daylight while nonmigratory birds didn't
Wolfson (1942) dark-eyed juncos
48
done with receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, pineal gland, and retina
photoperiod monitoring/circadian pacemakers
49
temperature, barometric pressure, wind
extrinsic migration timing factors
51
showed that photoperiod need only change 5-10min to stimulate testes growth
Rowan (1929) w/ dark-eyed juncos
52
zugunruhe
migratory restlessness
53
showed that zugunruhe related to expression of cryptochromes (allow birds to sense magnetic field)) in retina (nighttime migrant)
fusani et al (2014) w/ blackcaps
54
2 key variables of gonadal cycle (change during annual cycle) -social stimulation (displays), presence of certain foods, growth of new vegetation
temperature & water availability others?
56
diurnal
daylight
58
zeitgebers (time givers)
external cures used to correct circadian rhythms
58
1. luteinizing hormone (LH) - function? 2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - function?
2 pituitary hormones - stimulates testosterone release in testes in males; ovulation, progersterone and testosterone production in females - stimulates sperm production in males (testes) and egg follicle development in females (ovary)
59
endogenous rhythms starling experiment: 12/12 light/dark cycle, still came into breeding at predictable times
control annual cycles as well; have a period of about 1 year e.g.?
60
released from thyroid gland, controls onset and pace of molt, suppressed by sex steroids, metabolism, themogenesis, growth & development
thyroxin (T4) (x6)
61
pinon jays
begin annual cycle at sight of green pine cones
62
released from the ovary, induces ovulation
progesterone (x2)
64
peak at the end of the dry season when streams are clear and fish can be easily seen
kingfishers
66
released from tests/ovary, develops testes, secondary sexual morphology & brain function, and ovulation in females
testosterone (x4)
67
progesterone (x2)
released from the ovary, induces ovulation
68
external cures used to correct circadian rhythms
zeitgebers (time givers)
69
peak at beginning of dry season when flowers start blooming
hummingbirds
70
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (x8)
stress management, supresses gonadal hormone release, reduces disease resistance, migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary, egg prouction in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function

Ornithology (11 decks)

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