Chapter 6: Physiology II Part 2

Question 1

Function of crop

Answer 1

• food storage to feed babies, storage before digestion
• stores and moistens food

Question 2

What is the proventriculus?

Answer 2

• ## Gastric glands secrete digestive enzymes, including pepsin and hydrochloric acid, which break down the proteins in food

Question 3

What is the gizzard?

Answer 3

• crushes and grinds food

Question 4

Faunivory

Answer 4

eats animals

Question 5

Frugivory

Answer 5

eats fruit

Question 6

Nectarivory

Answer 6

• eats nectar

Question 7

Gramnivory

Answer 7

• eats grass

Question 8

Herbivory

Answer 8

eats plants

Question 9

Describe intestine length in terms of diet for birds

Answer 9

The intestine tends to be short in species that feed on fruit, meat, and insects and long in species that feed on seeds, plants, and fish

Question 10

What are colic ceca?

Answer 10

In addition, ceca produce antibodies that fight disease organisms, aid the absorption of water, and aid in the metabolism of uric acid into amino acids

Question 11

Divisions of cloaca

Answer 11

• Coprodeum
• Urodeum
• Proctodeum
• flow through cloaca, and from deferen duct, moves together into urodem and proctodeum

Question 12

Describe how foraging time and energy intake are related

Question 13

Describe the changes of fat deposition

Answer 13

Annual cycles of fat deposition in a temperate-zone migrant (White-crowned Sparrow: breeding and migration), a temperate-zone non-migrant (House Sparrow: consistent), and a tropical non-migrant (Yellow-vented Bulbul: consistent).

Question 14

Routes of water gain vs. loss

Answer 14

GAIN=LOSS
liquid water, preformed water, metabolic water = ====evaporation, urine and feces, and salt glands

as body mass increases, water loss decreases

Question 15

How to move water

Answer 15

In order to move water, solutes (primarily sodium chloride must be transported to create an osmotic gradient

Question 16

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 16

• general form of a vertebrate nephron at the end where primary urine is formed

Question 17

2 types of nephrons

Answer 17

• avian reptilian type
• avian mammalian type

Question 18

Avian Reptillian Type

Answer 18

• most avian nephrons, lack loops of henle

Question 19

Avian Mammalian type

Answer 19

• have loops of Henle, necessary for concentrating urine, much like mammalian kidneys
• found deep within kidney, very long loops that extend into medullary cone

Question 20

Urine use in birds

Answer 20

• Urine can move backwards into the gut, where water and salt can be absorbed before the waste products are expelled through the vent
• Especially important for birds that do not obtain much water from their diet

Question 21

Nitrogenous waste

Answer 21

• NH3, ammonia

Question 22

Uric Acid

Answer 22

• type of paste for waste in birds
• less toxic than straight ammonia, saves water for body

Question 23

Salt glands in birds

Answer 23

• Water can only be transported by the creation of a concentration gradient
• The concentration of the salt solution secreted from the salt glands varies with the habitat and diet of the bird
• The activity of the salt gland depends on a bird’s recent exposure to salt, as the gland will grow with use and shrink with disuse

Question 24

Salt gland process in birds

Answer 24

• excess salt contacts nasal gland
  (NaCl transporters)
• salty water excreted through nasal cavity
• thousands of secretory tubules, secretory cells actively transport NaCl from blood into tubules