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Pharmaceutics II FINAL > Chapter 6 - Powders and Granules > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Powders and Granules Flashcards

1
Q

define a pharmaceutical powder (DOSAGE FORM)

A

a mixture of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form.
meant for internal OR external use

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2
Q

true or false

pharmaceutical powders are meant for external use only

A

FALSE – could be internal or external use

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3
Q

most APIs are in what form?

A

solid (powder)

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4
Q

how can pharmaceutical powders be classified?

A

as the dosage form itself OR as substances used like medicinal substances or excipients

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5
Q

name 3 advantages of pharmaceutical powders as a dosage form

A

-flexibility in compounding
-good chemical stability
-ingredients are rapidly dispersed

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6
Q

true or false

pharmaceutical powders have better stability than liquids

A

true

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7
Q

name 3 DISADVANTAGES of pharmaceutical powders as a dosage form

A

time-consuming to prepare
dosing can be inaccurate
unpleasant taste

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8
Q

name 2 medicinal substances that are pharmaceutical powders

A

crystalline and powder forms

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9
Q

true or false

pharmaceutical excipients can be considered pharmaceutical powders

A

true

NOT dosage form tho — jjust pharmaceutical powder substance

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10
Q

give an example of a pharmaceutical powder dosage form

A

solid aerosols

(go back 2 slide 22 and look at textbook for last 2 bullet points)

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11
Q

how is morphology an important particle characteristic of pharmaceutical powders?

A

a particle with a rough surface will take up water faster than a smooth surface

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12
Q

which uptake water more quickly – powders or granules?

A

granules

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13
Q

for VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL DRUGS, how many classes of “type of powder” are there ?
name them

A

5 classes

very coarse
coarse
moderately coarse
fine
very fine

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14
Q

name the sieve size that all particles pass through for each powder class of vegetable and animal drugs

A

very coarse – all particles pass through #8 sieve

coarse - all particles pass through #20 sieve

moderately coarse - all particles pass through #40 sieve

fine – all particles pass through #60 sieve

very fine - all particles pass through #80 sieve

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15
Q

true or false

the higher the sieve number, the smaller the holes

A

TRUE

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16
Q

which has larger holes:

a #20 sieve
a #40 sieve

A

20 sieve has larger holes

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17
Q

for CHEMICAL drugs, how many classes of powder are there based on particle size?

A

4 classes

coarse
moderately coarse
fine
very fine

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18
Q

true or false

for vegetable/animal drugs, there are 5 classes of powder based on size and for chemical drugs there are 4 classes

A

TRUE

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19
Q

give the sieve size that ALL PARTICLES PASS THROUGH for each class of chemical drugs

A

coarse – all pass through #20 sieve

moderately coarse - all pass through #40 sieve

fine – all pass through #80 sieve

very fine - all pass through #120 sive

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20
Q

is a similar particle size range desirable for pharmaceutical powders?

A

YES

want it to be uniform and homogeneous.
particles of a uniform size are blended easier

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21
Q

particle size range for ophthalmic suspensions and WHY

A

less than or equal to 10 micrometers

bc the eye is very sensitive we don’t want particle size too large

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22
Q

what is the particle size range for ORAL suspensions

A

10-50 micrometers

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23
Q

give the particle size range for parenteral suspensions

A

0.5 - 25 micrometers

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24
Q

give the particle size range for aerosols for the lungs and name an exception

A

1-5 micrometers

lactose may be around 10 micrometers

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25
Q

for IMMEDIATE RELEASE tablets and capsules, give the particle size range

A

less than or equal to 50 micrometers

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26
Q

give the particle size range for TOPICAL aerosols

A

50-100 micrometers

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27
Q

give the particle size range for topical emulsions and for topical suspensions

A

topical emulsions: less than or equal to 50 micrometers

topical suspensions: 10-50 micrometers

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28
Q

explain desirable/undesirable particle shapes for pharmaceutical powders

A

spherical particles are desired because they tend to be easier to mix

needle shaped and cubic shaped particles tend to clog or stick together bc they don’t slide over each other as easily as spherical particles

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29
Q

explain why particle density is an important consideration for the pharmaceutical powder dosage form

A

higher density particles will tend to sink and lighter density particles will rise

2 layers will form

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30
Q

explain why electrostatic charge is an important consideration for the powder dosage form

A

static electricity will hamper (interfere) with the blending of the particles, therefore no charge is desired

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31
Q

as mentioned, any electrostatic charge will interfere with the blending of the particles in a powder.

how is this issue solved?

A

-humidification of the work area

-include small quantity of SLS or similar material to neutralize the charges

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32
Q

true or false

the adhering/repelling properties of particles in the powder dosage form is not important

A

false - it is

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33
Q

why is camphor an important consideration when used in the powder dosage form

A

it is slightly gummy, and crystalline

it needs to be reduced in its particle size (pulverization by intervention)

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34
Q

explain pulverization by intervention

name a substance it must be used for and why

A

camphor bc it’s crystalline and slightly gummy in nature. needs to get its particle size reduced

mixed with “intervening solvent” like alcohol or acetone and camphor will DISSOLVE.

the solvent then evaporates and the powder will recrystallize out of the solution as FINE PARTICLES

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35
Q

Name the 5 effects of particle size on pharmaceutical properties.

which is always the #1 concern?

A

dissolution rate
suspendability
uniform distribution
penetrability
nongrittiness

dissolution rate is always #1. powder must dissolve, or no absorption will take place

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36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

drug micronization can decrease the rate of drug dissolution and its bioavailability

A

FALSE

increase the rate of dissolution and increase bioavailability

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37
Q

true or false

the smaller the particle size, the increased rate of dissolution and the increased bioavailability

A

true

38
Q

what does suspendability mean?
what is the particle size range for it?

A

suspendability – desire for the particles to remain UNDISSOLVED but UNIFORMLY DISPERSED in the liquid vehicle

0.5-10 micrometers

39
Q

explain penetrability and how the particle size range is a consideration

A

to be inhaled for DEPOSITION deep in the respiratory tract

0.5 micrometers - 10 micrometers

penetration, then deposition

40
Q

what is nongrittiness?
is it desirable?
how is particle size a consideration?

A

nongrittiness - lack of grittiness of solid particles in dermal ointments, creams, and ophthalmic preparations

50-100 micrometers is the particle size range

41
Q

true or false

nongrittiness is not a requirement for ophthalmic preparations

A

false - it is

42
Q

why is uniform distribution important?

A

want all particles to be in similar size range

the drug substance should be uniformly distributed in the dosage form to ensure dose-dose content uniformity

43
Q

what is micromeritics

A

the science of small paticles

44
Q

define true density

A

the mass/unit volume of the solid material ITSELF, EXCLUSIVE of inter and intra particle pores or void space

(tapped density)

45
Q

define bulk density

A

mass of powder/bulk volume of the given mass

INCLUDES the open spaces of air that contain no powder

46
Q

knowing the bulk density is an important factor in determining what?

A

the proper size dose form or the proper size of the container for a given powder

47
Q

formula to calculate angle of repose.

is a low or high value better?
why?

A

theta = tan^-1 (h/r)

a LOW value is better bc this means it will spread and have better flow

48
Q

true or false

the volume of a capsule fluctuates

A

FALSE - it’s constant

49
Q

as mentioned, a capsule has a constant volume.

thus, if you’re using a high density material to fill it, will you need a lot of the material or a little bit?

A

a lot

50
Q

how do you find the volume for tapped density

A

if the powder is water INSOLUBLE, submerge it in water

DO NOT WANT IT TO DISSOLVE

51
Q

In “true density”, the volume used is of the solid material itself and not…..

A

not inter and intra particle pores or void space

52
Q

name the 2 MAIN methods for measuring particle size

A

sieving method
microscopic method

53
Q

what particle size range can the sieving method measure?

A

50 - 3360 micrometers

54
Q

what particle size range can the microscopic method measure

A

0.2 - 100 micrometers

55
Q

besides the sieving method and microscopy method, name 4 other methods for measuring particle size

A

sedimentation rate
light energy diffusion
laser holography
cascade impactation

56
Q

the higher the sieve number, the ________ the sieve opening

A

smaller

57
Q

what particle size can sedimentation rate measure?
what is it based on?

A

0.8 - 300 micrometers
based on Stokes law

58
Q

what particle size range can light energy diffusion measure?

A

0.5 - 500 micrometers

59
Q

what particle size range can laser holography measure

A

1.4-100 micrometers

60
Q

in the sieving method, the sieve with the ________ number will be on the top

A

smallest # — most coarse

bottom will have smallest particles and largest # mesh

61
Q

what is used to analyze the sieving method

A

a bell curve is plotted

62
Q

in the sieving method, a bell curve is plotted to analyze the results.

is it desirable to have a wide or narrow bell curve? why?

A

want a narrow bell curve

if it’s too wide, this means that some particles will be very large and some will be very small – not uniform and will not blend easily

63
Q

which will have a higher mean opening:

sieve no. 80/100
sieve no. 20/40

A

20/40 will have a higher mean opening

64
Q

what does it mean:

“sieve # 20/40 “

A

the particles passed the 20 sieve but not the 40 sieve

65
Q

what is the symbol for weight retained in the sieving method

A

G

66
Q

if a sieve has the highest G value out of all the others, what does this mean

A

the majority of the particles are the average between the sieve numbers

ie: if highest weight retained was 20/40, most of the particles in that weight retained value are the average of 850 micrometers and 425 micrometers – which is 630 micrometers

67
Q

how to find mathematically the average particle size using the sieving method

A

d av = sum of (%retained) * (avg size) / 100

68
Q

explain the microscopic method of measuring particle size

A

direct counting of not less than 200 particles in a single plane, using a calibrated ocular

69
Q

what is the downside of the microscopic method?
how can this downside be taken away?

A

downside is that the # of particles is not enough to represent the entire powder

to fix this, just count 200 particles multiple times

70
Q

define comminution

is it small scale or large scale?

A

cutting, chopping, crushing, grinding, milling, micronizing, and trituration

can be small scale or large scale

71
Q

give 3 equipments used in large scale comminution of drugs

A

coarse crusher
intermediate grinders
fine grinding mills

72
Q

explain the coarse crusher equipment for the large scale comminution of drugs in more detail

A

roll and impact crusher

73
Q

explain in more detail the intermediate grinders used in the large scale comminution of drugs

A

attrition, rolling, and impact mills

74
Q

explain in more detail the fine grinding mills used in the large scale comminution of drugs

A

ball, hammer, colloid mills, fluid energy mill, high-speed mechanical screen, and centrifugal classifier

75
Q

true or false

fluid energy mills are an example of intermediate grinders used in the large scale comminution of drugs

A

false - ex of fine grinding mill

76
Q

name 4 methods for the comminution of drugs in SMALL SCALE

A

trituration
levigation
pulverization by intervention
trituration and sieving

77
Q

for the small scale comminution of drugs ,what is the first choice?

A

trituration ONLY

78
Q

what is trituration

A

grinding the drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size

79
Q

what are the different mortars?
when would 1 be used over the other?

A

glass mortar and wedgewood mortar

use wedgewood when it is desired to reduce the particle size (bc of rough surface)

80
Q

in trituration, should a glass or wedgewood mortar be used? why?

A

a wedgewood mortar should be used bc the def of trituration is “grinding drug in mortar to reduce its particle size”

81
Q

name 2 examples of when levigation should be used

A

if the liquid is not easily removed a the end of the process

if the liquid is allowed to remain as part of the preparation (usually the case)

82
Q

explain what levigation is

A

it is trituration (grinding drug in mortar to reduce particle size) but with a NONSOLVENT

83
Q

Levigation improves _______.

how?

A

improves wetting by the use of a liquid with a LOW SURFACE TENSION and LOW VISCOSITTY

84
Q

give 2 examples of levigating agents and when they should be used

A

mineral oil and glycerin

mineral oil should be used for hydrophilic drugs and glycerin should be used for hydrophobic drugs (NONSOLVENT)

85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

levigating agents do not remain in the product

A

false - they do

86
Q

should the levigating agent be volatile or non volatile?

A

non volatile

87
Q

what kind of mortar should be used for levigation

A

wedgewood

88
Q

if trituration and levigation aren’t suited, what is the next option for the small scale comminution of drugs?

A

pulverization by intervention

89
Q

rank the following by the order in which they should be done first for small scale drug comminution (if possible)

levigation
pulverization by intervention
trituration
trituration and sieving

A

should be done first:

trituration
levigation
pulverization by intervention
triturating and sieving (last)

90
Q
A

Pharmaceutics II FINAL (11 decks)

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